Table Of ContentTRENDS IN EUROPEAN FOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH
Tree Physiology
VOLUME 2
Series Editor:
Professor Heinz Rennenberg, University of Freiburg, Germany
Aims and scope
The series "Tree Physiology" is aimed to cover recent advances in all aspects of the phy
siology of woody plants, i.e.: environmental physiology including plant-atmosphere,
plant-pedosphere/hydrosphere, and organismic interactions; whole tree physiology inclu
ding storage and mobilization as well as maturation and senescence; woody plant tissue
culture and molecular physiology for micropropagation, transformation of chemicals, pre
servation of gen-pools, membrane transport, transformation of tree species, etc. In addi
tion, technological advances in tree physiology will be covered together with the achieve
ments obtained with these techniques.
Although the main emphasis will be on basic research, applied questions will also be
addressed. It is the scope of the series to provide advanced students in forestry and plant
biology as well as researchers working in the various fields of tree physiology and woody
plant physiology. Since also applied questions will be addressed, part of the series will also
be of interest for environmental and applied biologists.
TRENDS IN EUROPEAN
FOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY
RESEARCH
Cost Action E6: EUROSILVA
Edited by
SATU HUTTUNEN
Botany Division, Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
HANNELE HEIKKILA
Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
JORGBUCHER
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zurich, Switzerland
BJORN SUNDBERG
Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology,
Swedish University ofA gricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
PAUL JARVIS
Institute of Ecology and Resource Management,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
and
RAINER MATYSSEK
Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
....
"
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5829-4 ISBN 978-94-015-9803-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9803-3
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Contents
Preface vii
SECTION I: BASIC TREE PHYSIOLOGY
Cambial cell biology comes of age 3
N. Chaffey
Physiology of cambial growth, storage of reserves and heartwood formation 19
E. Magel
Insights into bud development and dormancy in poplar 33
A. Rohde and W. Boer;an
Physiology of tree root/fungus symbiosis 53
R. Hampp and U Nehls
SECTION II: STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 63
Understanding the role of ozone stress in altering belowground processes 65
C. P. Andersen
Ozone-induced cell death 81
J. Kangas;arvi, H Tuominen and K. Overmyer
Signalling and antioxidant defence mechanisms in higher plants 93
S. Karpinski, B. Karpinska, M Meltzer. J-E. Hallgren and G. Wingsle
v
VI
Effect of ozone on conifers in the timberline ecotone 115
G. Wieser and W. Havranek
Ageing as an influence on tree response to ozone: theory and observations 127
T. E. Kolb
Ozone and UV-B responses of trees and the question of forest sustainability 157
C. Langebartels, S. Anegg, K Hahn, H. Chiron, A. Drouet, D. Ernst,
W. Heller, J-P. Schnitzler, R. Schubert, C. Zinser and H. Sandermann
Investigations on the action of fungal toxins on plants 167
W. OSwald, I Heiser, J.Fromm, A. Albrecht and M Brummer
SECTION III: TREES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 181
Effects of atmospheric CO on growth and branchiness of different
2
poplar (Populus) genotypes in the POPFACE experiment 183
B. Cielen, C. Calfapietra, J.A. Janssens, G. Scarascia-Mugnozza and
R. Ceulemans
Biotic interactions 197
W. Beyschlag
The influence of the environment during sexual reproduction on adaptations
of conifers along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients 207
@. Johnsen and T. Skr8ppa
SECTION IV: FUTURE ASPECTS OF TREE PHYSIOLOGY 223
Tree physiology goes genomics 225
B. Sundberg
Water, nutrients and carbon; altitude and ageing 229
P. G. Jarvis, S. Linder and S. Huttunen
Trends in forest tree physiological research 241
R. Matyssek
Author index 251
Index 253
Preface
The increasing con'.;ern for the serious problems of forest decline that occurred in the
Northern Hemisphere in the late 1970's and early 1980 's led to an emphasis on the necessity
of promoting and setting up investigations into the basic physiological mechanisms of
forest trees. Since then, the concern about rapid changes has decreased along with the
increase of monitored data on European forests health status. But tree physiology has
faced new questions about changing climate and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations. Advances in plant molecular biology and forest genetics have opened up
new avenues in the research on forest tree physiology. At the same, time it has become
evident that molecular and genetic tools give only a basis for further research on tree
structure and function, which needs basic tree physiology again.
On the other hand, the problems of forest decline in Europe are not over. They are no
longer discussed daily in the media, but stress is an everyday phenomenon experienced by
European forest trees. For instance, in southern Europe and mountainous regions, drought
stress and many other abiotic or biotic factors are stressors and cause problems to forests
with many important social and protective functions. Stress physiology is a branch of
everyday physiology in traditional forestry. How to grow a forest with maximal carbon
binding functions and optimal wood quality and rich in biodiversity. In the northern parts
of Europe, discussions on forest ecosystem biodiversity have suggested a need to have
more intensive tree growth in some areas in order to ensure wildlife, recreation and
biodiversity in other forest areas.
Problems related to the development and ageing of forest trees are discussed widely
and the role of tropospheric ozone in the forest injuries in Europe remains obscure. The
European forest health monitoring programme has so far not included tropospheric ozone
questions.
This book presents some oft he research topics addressed by COST Action E 6 EURO
SILVA Forest Tree Physiology Research since 1995. The number t ofp ublications somehow
related to the action was over 800 by the end of the year 1997, and preliminary calculations
seem to reveal additional 1000 publications on European tree physiology. Our knowledge
of this field has thus been improved. The name EUROSILVA was launched in Paris in
February 1986. Now, fifteen years later, we have had a real PanEuropean network on tree
physiology.
I would like to thank all contributors for their valuable work, all anonymous reviewers
of the articles and all working group chairmen and editors for helping me.
Oulu, March 2001
Satu Huttunen
Professor
Chair
vii
SECTION I
BASIC TREE PHYSIOLOGY
CAMBIAL CELL BIOLOGY COMES OF AGE
NIGEL CHAFFEY
IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department ofA gricultural Sciences, University ofB ristol,
Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9Ap, UK
Key words: cambium, models, poplar, secondary vascular system, trees, wood formation
Abstract: Although trees, and their wood in particular, are one of our most important resources,
study of their cell biology is difficult and progress has generally been slow. However,
over the last decade, that situation has changed with the advent of new technologies.
This overview considers some of what is now possible regarding the cell biology of
the tree, particularly of the cambium and wood formation, and identifies several
'drivers' that should encourage further research into tree biology. A major driver is
the realisation that lack of fundamental knowledge of wood formation is holding
back progress in the attempts of molecular biologists to engineer trees with 'better'
lignin. Another is the knowledge that the model herb, Arabidopsis, can undergo
substantial secondary thickening. A third is the demonstration that trees are amenable
to the techniques of modem cell biological investigation, with focus on poplar, the
model hardwood tree. Some of the 'new cambial cell biology' is briefly discussed.
Adoption of Arabidopsis as an honorary tree, its exploitation, in tandem with poplar,
and development of new methods of in vivo examination of cambial cell biology
hold out the promise of a bright future for tree research. However, it is stressed that
trees must remain the model species for studying wood formation with model systems
in a supporting role.
1. INTRODUCTION
It should be possible to gauge the importance of a research area by the number of
conferences it commands. Sadly, that is not always the case. Take, for example, the vascular
cambium of trees. To my knowledge the only 'conference' devoted to this topic in the last
40 years was that held in March 1999 (see Savidge et aI., 2000). In the same period,
however, the cambium has been reviewed many times (e.g. Morel, 1960; Catesson, 1964,
1974, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1994; Philipson and Ward, 1965; Reinders-Gouwentak,
3
S. Huttunen et al. (eds.),
Trends in European Forest Tree Physiology Research, Cost Action E6: EUROSILVA, 3-18
© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
