Table Of ContentEAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
Fadi Al-Turjman Editor
Trends in
Cloud-based
IoT
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Serieseditor
ImrichChlamtac,EuropeanAllianceforInnovation,Gent,Belgium
Editor’sNote
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes
already perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the
technological driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes
featuringthelatestresearchanddevelopmentinthevariousinformationengineering
technologiesthatplayakeyroleinthisprocess.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing
engineeringinclude,butarenotlimitedto,wirelessnetworks;mobilecommunica-
tion; design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare;
energy management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks;
computation; cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general
smart living, smart cities, Internet of Things and more. The series publishes a
combination of expanded papers selected from hosted and sponsored European
AllianceforInnovation(EAI)conferencesthatpresentcuttingedge,globalresearch
as well as provide new perspectives on traditional related engineering fields.
This content, complemented with open calls for contribution of book titles and
individual chapters, together maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of
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professionals, advanced level students as well as practitioners in related fields
of activity include information and communication specialists, security experts,
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Fadi Al-Turjman
Editor
Trends in Cloud-based IoT
Editor
FadiAl-Turjman
ResearchCenterforAIandIoT
NearEastUniversity
Nicosia,Mersin10,Turkey
ISSN2522-8595 ISSN2522-8609 (electronic)
EAI/SpringerInnovationsinCommunicationandComputing
ISBN978-3-030-40036-1 ISBN978-3-030-40037-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40037-8
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Norainwithout acloud.
Tomywonderfulfamilyandhardworking
students.
FadiAl-Turjman
Preface
WearelivinginanerawhereCloudcomputingisbecomingaglobalplatformfor
computation and the interaction between humans and machines while performing
severalcriticaltasks.
ArtificialIntelligenceandnetworkinghavebeenconsideredasacomplementary
package towards realizing the emerging smart cities paradigm. From this perspec-
tive,itisessentialtounderstandtheroleofthesethreesignificantcomponentsthat
willprovideacomprehensivevisionfortheworldwidesmartcityprojectinthenear
future.
Nodoubtthatintroducingsuchanewparadigmcanbringsignificantchallenges,
especiallyintermsofoverallsystemperformance,cognitionandsecurity.Itisalso
essential to consider the emerging intelligent applications for better lifestyle and
moreoptimizedsolutionsinourdailylife.
The objective of this book is to present an overview of existing smart city
applications while focusing on the issues/challenges surrounding the use of the
Cloud.Themainfocusisontheintelligenceaspectsthatcanhelpinrealizingsuch
paradigm in an efficient and secure way. Artificial Intelligent (AI) techniques and
new emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) accompanied by
critical evaluation metrics, constraints and open research issues are included for
discussion.Thisconceptualbook,whichisuniqueinthefield,willassistresearchers
and professionals working in the area to better assess the proposed smart cities
paradigms,whichhavealreadystartedtoappearinoursocieties.
Hopeyouenjoyit ...
FadiAl-Turjman
vii
Contents
1 A Blockchain Model for Trustworthiness in the Internet
ofThings(IoT)-BasedSmart-Cities ...................................... 1
RashidAli,YazdanAhmadQadri,YousafBinZikria,
FadiAl-Turjman,Byung-SeoKim,andSungWonKim
1.1 Introduction........................................................... 2
1.2 BlockchainforIoT:AnOverview................................... 6
1.2.1 WhatIsBlockchain?...................................... 6
1.2.2 HowBlockchainWorks?.................................. 6
1.3 Major Blockchain Technologies: Smart Contract
andConsensusMechanisms......................................... 10
1.3.1 SmartContract ............................................ 10
1.3.2 ConsensusMechanism.................................... 11
1.4 ProposedBlockchainModelforIoTTrustworthiness.............. 14
1.5 Conclusions........................................................... 16
References.................................................................... 16
2 AReviewontheUseofWirelessSensorNetworksinCultural
Heritage:CommunicationTechnologies,Requirements,
andChallenges.............................................................. 21
HadiZahmatkeshandFadiAl-Turjman
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 21
2.2 RelatedWorks........................................................ 22
2.3 WSNStandardsandCommunicationTechnologiesforCH
onitoring .............................................................. 23
2.3.1 Bluetooth .................................................. 24
2.3.2 IEEE802.15.4............................................. 24
2.3.3 ZigBee..................................................... 24
2.3.4 Wi-Fi....................................................... 24
2.3.5 WirelessHART ............................................ 24
2.3.6 ISA100.11a................................................ 25
ix
x Contents
2.4 NetworkArchitecture................................................ 25
2.4.1 SensorLayer............................................... 25
2.4.2 GatewayLayer ............................................ 25
2.4.3 DatabaseLayer............................................ 26
2.5 DesignFactorsoftheWSN-BasedMonitoringoftheCH......... 26
2.5.1 PrimaryDesignFactors................................... 27
2.5.2 SecondaryDesignFactors ................................ 28
2.6 WSNsDeploymentAspectsinCH.................................. 29
2.6.1 RandomDeployment...................................... 29
2.6.2 DeterministicDeployment................................ 30
2.7 RequirementsforWSNs-BasedMonitoringofCH................. 31
2.8 OpenResearchIssues................................................ 31
2.8.1 SecurityandPrivacy ...................................... 32
2.8.2 CoverageandConnectivity............................... 32
2.8.3 PowerConsumption....................................... 32
2.8.4 Scalability ................................................. 32
2.8.5 Cost ........................................................ 33
2.9 Conclusion............................................................ 33
References.................................................................... 33
3 TrackingandAnalyzingProcessesinSmartProduction............... 37
SelverSoftic,EgonLüftenegger,andIoanTurcin
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 37
3.2 RelatedWork......................................................... 38
3.2.1 BPMNandBalanceScoreCard.......................... 38
3.2.2 KPIsandKPITracking ................................... 39
3.2.3 EnablingTechnologiesforSmartProduction............ 39
3.3 Methodology ......................................................... 41
3.3.1 Dimensions,KPIs,andGoalsIdentification............. 41
3.3.2 SelectionoftheUseCase................................. 42
3.4 Results ................................................................ 43
3.4.1 SolutionasStandaloneApplication...................... 43
3.4.2 SolutionasPartofIoTInfrastructure .................... 46
3.5 Conclusion............................................................ 48
References.................................................................... 48
4 Trust-BasedChaos Access ControlFramework byNeural
NetworkforCloudComputingEnvironment ........................... 51
J. V. BibalBenifaandG.VenifaMini
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 51
4.2 RelatedWork......................................................... 52
4.3 InfluenceofNeuralNetworkinTrust............................... 53
4.3.1 NeuralNetworkClassifiers............................... 53
4.3.2 Back-PropagationAlgorithm............................. 55
Contents xi
4.4 Trust-BasedChaosAccessControl(TBCAC)...................... 56
4.4.1 TrustManagerWorkFlowStructure..................... 58
4.4.2 Role-BasedTrustAccessControl ........................ 59
4.4.3 UserBehaviorTrustCalculation ......................... 60
4.4.4 CurrentTrust(Currtrust).................................. 60
4.4.5 PastTrustValue(Pasttrust) ............................... 61
4.4.6 ConsolidatedTrustValue(Construst).................... 61
4.4.7 Trust-LevelThreshold .................................... 62
4.4.8 BreaktheGlassApproach................................ 62
4.5 ExperimentalEvaluation............................................. 63
4.5.1 ResultsandAnalysis...................................... 65
4.5.2 TrainingState.............................................. 65
4.5.3 ValidationState............................................ 68
4.5.4 TestingState............................................... 68
4.5.5 OverallState............................................... 69
4.6 Conclusion............................................................ 70
References.................................................................... 71
5 A Survey on Technologies and Challenges of LPWA for
NarrowbandIoT............................................................ 73
GautamiAlagarsamy,J.Shanthini,andG.NaveenBalaji
5.1 Introduction........................................................... 73
5.1.1 IncorporateDSPandRISCProcessors................... 75
5.2 NB-IoTArchitecture................................................. 76
5.2.1 NB-IoTDeploymentSchemes............................ 76
5.2.2 NB-IoTTransmissionSchemes .......................... 77
5.3 PhysicalFeaturesofNB-IoT ........................................ 78
5.3.1 Technical Differences of NB-IoT Factors
withOtherLWPATechnologies.......................... 79
5.4 AdvantagesofNB-IoT............................................... 79
5.5 ChallengesofNB-IoT................................................ 80
5.5.1 AdaptionofTightlyCoupledMemory................... 81
5.5.2 DirectMemoryAccess.................................... 82
5.5.3 PrivacyandDataSecurityChallengesofIoT............ 82
5.5.4 ModelsandAlgorithmstoCounterAttacksBased
onApplications............................................ 83
5.5.5 ApplicationsofNB-IoT................................... 83
5.6 Conclusion............................................................ 83
References.................................................................... 84
6 FrameworkforRealizationofGreenSmartCitiesThrough
theInternetofThings(IoT) ............................................... 85
Abhishek Kumar, Manju Payal, Pooja Dixit,
andJyotirMoyChatterjee
6.1 Introduction........................................................... 85
6.1.1 IntroductiontoGreenComputingTechnology .......... 87
