Tree-crop interactions : agroforestry in a changing climate

360 Pages·2015·7.34 MB·English

by  Chin K. Ong

Tree–Crop Interactions
2nd Edition
Agroforestry in a Changing Climate

Tree–Crop Interactions
2nd Edition
Agroforestry in a Changing Climate
Edited by
Chin K. Ong
University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
Colin R. Black†
Formerly of Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences,
University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
and
Julia Wilson
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tree-crop interactions : agroforestry in a changing climate / edited by
Chin K. Ong, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga,
43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Colin R. Black, Plant and Crop
Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton
Bonington Campus, Loughborough, le12 5rd, UK; and Julia Wilson,
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian,
Scotland, EH26 0qb, UK. -- Second Edition.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-78064-511-7 (hbk : alk. paper) 1. Tree crops. 2. Tree
crops--Physiology. 3. Tree crops--Ecophysiology. 4. Agroforestry. I. Ong, C. K.,
editor. II. Black, Colin R., 1948- editor. III. Wilson, Julia, 1952- editor. IV.
C.A.B. International. V. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry.
SB170.T7 2015
634--dc23
2015027435
ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 511 7
Commissioning editors: Vicki Bonham/Nicki Dennis
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann
Production editors: Emma Ross/Lauren Povey
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xii
Tribute to Professor Colin Black xiii
1 A Framework for Quantifying the Various Effects of Tree–Crop Interactions 1
C.K. Ong and R.M. Kho
2 Mixed Cropping of Annual and Woody Perennial Species:
An Analytical Approach to Productivity and Management 24
R. Ranganathan and the late C.T. de Wit
3 Modelling Radiation Interception and Water Balance in Agroforestry Systems 41
S.B. Ghezehei, J.G. Annandale and C.S. Everson
4 Principles of Resource Capture and Use of Light and Water 57
The late C.R. Black, D. Randhawa and C.K. Ong
5 Agroforestry and (Micro)Climate Change 119
K. (C.J.) Stigter
6 The Water Balance of Mixed Tree–Crop Systems 146
J. Bayala and J.S. Wallace
7 Competition and Phenology in Agroforestry 191
J. Broadhead
8 Root Distribution of Trees and Crops: Competition and/or Complementarity 221
M. van Noordwijk, G. Lawson, K. Hairiah and J. Wilson
9 Laboratory and Field Techniques for Measuring Root Distribution
and Architecture 258
S.R. Tracy, S.J. Mooney, C.J. Sturrock, S. Mairhofer, M. Al-Traboulsi,
M.J. Bennett, T.P. Pridmore, J.P. Lynch and D.M. Wells

v
vi Contents
10 Adaptation for Climate-sensitive Crops Using Agroforestry:
Case Studies for Coffee and Rice 278
B.B. Lin, A.J. Burgess and E.H. Murchie
11 Adaptation of Crops to Partial Shade in Mixed Cropping Systems 309
J. Bayala, J. Sanou, Z. Teklehaimanot and F. Sinclair
12 Synthesis: Key Agroforestry Challenges in the Future 326
C.K. Ong, J. Wilson, the late C.R. Black and M. van Noordwijk
Index 335
Contributors
M. Al-Traboulsi, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of
Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: manal_
[email protected]
J.G. Annandale, Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria 0002, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected]
J. Bayala, World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-WCA, Sahel Node, BP E5118, Bamako, Mali.
E-mail: [email protected]
M.J. Bennett, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of
Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: malcolm.
[email protected]
C.R. Black†, Formerly of Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University
of Nottingham, Loughborough.
J. Broadhead, USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia’s Forests Program, Liberty Square, Suite 2002,
287 Silom Road, Bang Rak, Bangkok 10500, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected]
A.J. Burgess, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Not-
tingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: alexandra.
[email protected]
C.S. Everson, Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria 0002, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected]
S.B. Ghezehei, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh 27695, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
K. Hairiah, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, JI Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
E-mail: [email protected]
R.M. Kho, Einsteinstraat 11, 6533 NE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E-mail: ramun.kho@
wxs.nl
G. Lawson, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB,
UK. E-mail: [email protected]
B.B. Lin, CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Private Mail Bag 1, 107–121 Station Street,
Aspendale, Victoria, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
J.P. Lynch, Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
PA 16802, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
S. Mairhofer, School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham,
Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

vii
viii Contributors
S.J. Mooney, Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences,
University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]
E.H. Murchie, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University
of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: erik.
[email protected]
C.K. Ong, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih,
Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]
T.P. Pridmore, School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham,
Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
D. Randhawa, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of
Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: davina_
[email protected]
R. Ranganathan, 9 Rue de Raulan, 1269 Bassins, Switzerland. E-mail: r.ranganathan@
bluewin.ch
J. Sanou, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Département Produc-
tions Forestières, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. E-mail: josiassanou@
yahoo.fr
F. Sinclair, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue Gigiri, PO Box
30677, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya. E-mail: [email protected]
K. (C.J.) Stigter, Agromet Vision, Groenestraat 13, 5314AJ Bruchem, The Netherlands, and
Poncogati, Block Taman, RT8/RW11, Kec. Curadami, 68251 Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia.
E-mail: [email protected]
C.J. Sturrock, Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences,
University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]
Z. Teklehaimanot, School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University,
Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
S.R. Tracy, Division of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences,
University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
E-mail: [email protected]
M. van Noordwijk, World Agroforestry Centre, SE Asia Regional Program, PO Box 161,
Bogor 16001, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]
J.S. Wallace, CSIRO Land and Water, ATSP Building 145, James Cook University, Townsville,
QLD 4811, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
D.M. Wells, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Not-
tingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. E-mail: darren.wells@
nottingham.ac.uk
J. Wilson, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB,
UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Preface
In the first edition of this book, written some 20 years ago, Peter Huxley began by asking
if it was necessary to develop a separate scientific field to focus on agroforestry, or
whether sufficient knowledge was already available from other agricultural disciplines.
van Noordwijk et al. (2004) built on this question in a companion volume published by
CABI entitled Below-ground Interactions in Tropical Agroecosystems: Concepts and
Models with Multiple Plant Components. Today, postgraduate degrees in agroforestry are
provided by several universities and the technology is widely recognized as an important
intervention to enhance food security in some of the poorest regions, which the Green
Revolution has failed to reach (World Resources Institute, 2013). Since its inception, the
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) has expanded its activities be-
yond Africa to South-east Asia, China, India and South America and is now known as the
World Agroforestry Centre. Since the 1990s, its research has focused on how to achieve
food security and reduce poverty through the innovative management of natural re-
sources (Sanchez, 2000).
One of the most significant recent changes in ICRAF’s research priorities is its current
focus on climate change. In the mid-1990s, there was little information on the extent of
agroforestry and no conception of how it might contribute to the current debate on how to
mitigate CO emissions and climate change. The potential of agroforestry to sequester car-
2
bon was first explored by Albrecht and Kanji (2003) and then by Verchot et al. (2007), who
considered how to link adaptation and mitigation using agroforestry. Fortunately, satellite
technology and remote sensing have advanced sufficiently so that it is now possible to map
the land area currently under agroforestry globally, and even to identify areas that are suit-
able for tree growth and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for afforestation (Zomer
et al., 2008).
In the first edition, there was not a single mention of climate change, and the book fo-
cused almost entirely on the intimate interactions between trees and crops at the plot or
farm scale. Even the chapter on microclimatic effects (Chapter 5) did not consider the as yet
largely unexplored buffering capacity of agroforestry against climatic extremes, or how
crops that are potentially susceptible to climate change might benefit from the presence of
shade trees. These omissions have been addressed in this second edition in revised chap-
ters from the first edition and in four new chapters, which consider the impact of climate
change, including a final synthesis that focuses on the challenges of ongoing climatic
change for tropical agroforestry systems. The chapter on water balance at the plot scale

ix