Table Of ContentTreatment
T
r
e
a
t
m
Compliant, efficient e Technologies
n
t
groundwater treatment T
e
c
h
n
US municipal water suppliers must comply o for Groundwater
with USEPA regulations for 53 organic, 18 l
o
inorganic, nine microbial, eight disinfection g
i
by-product, and seven radiologic contaminants. e
Compliance can be daunting, especially for s
smaller systems. fo
r
G
Now there’s help. Treatment Technologies r
o
for Groundwater provides a one-stop u
n
information resource for groundwater d
w
system operators and managers. It offers
a
complete information on current US rules t
e
covering groundwater systems and gives r
expert guidance for selecting, designing, and
Lee H. Odell
operating groundwater treatment plants.
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1P-6C-20714-7/10-EB The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water®
20714 Cover4.indd 1 6/23/2010 1:45:30 PM
Treatment
Technologies
for Groundwater
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Treatment
Technologies
for Groundwater
Lee H. Odell
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Treatment Technologies for Groundwater
Copyright © 2010 American Water Works Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the
form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Disclaimer
This book is provided for informational purposes only, with the understand-
ing that the publisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in ren-
dering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors, and
publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the book’s contents, or their
applicability to any particular circumstance. The editors, authors, and pub-
lisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided
in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of
reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate
licensed professional before taking any action or making any interpretation
that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.
AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon
Technical Editor/Project Manager: Mary Kay Kozyra
Cover Design/Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Odell, Lee H.
Treatment technologies for groundwater / Lee H. Odell.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-58321-757-3
1. Groundwater--Purifi cation. 2. Drinking water--Contamination. I. Title.
TD462.O34 2010
628.1'14--dc22
2010011846
ISBN 1-58321-757-6
978-158321-757-3
6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098
303.794.7711
www.awwa.org
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Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
1 Groundwater Treatment Regulations 1
Regulations that Impact Groundwater Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Current Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards. . . . . 3
Secondary Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Treatment Technology Overview 23
Coagulation–Filtration Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Biological Filtration Treatment Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Hydrous Manganese Oxide Filtration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Oxidation/Precipitation/Filtration Treatment Technology . . . . . . 42
Adsorptive Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Ion-Exchange Treatment Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Membrane Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Electrodialysis Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Softening Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Aeration and Degassing Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Disinfection, Oxidation, and Corrosion Control:
Chemical Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3 Disinfection of Groundwater 79
Treatment Alternatives for Disinfection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chlorine Dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
UV Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chloramine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Inactivation Dose Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
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Systems Complying With the Unfi ltered Requirements
of the Surface Water Treatment Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4 Corrosion Control 95
Corrosion Control Treatment Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Regulatory Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Corrosion Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Key Water Quality Parameters for Corrosion Control. . . . . . . . . 102
Revised Guidance Manual for Lead and Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Corrosion Control Treatment Application Considerations. . . . . . 108
Impacts on Water Quality from pH Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Recent Information on Lead and Copper Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . 111
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5 Iron and Manganese Removal 115
Aesthetic and Operational Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Common Problems and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6 Arsenic Removal 133
Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Handling and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7 Hydrogen Sulfi de Removal 149
Hydrogen Sulfi de Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8 Nitrate Removal 155
Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9 Uranium Removal 165
Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
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10 Radium and Gross Alpha Removal 171
Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11 Barium Removal 181
Removal Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
12 Organic Compound Removal 187
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Appendix A Materials Compatibility for
Chemical Feed Systems 195
Index 199
About the Author 231
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List of Figures
2-1 Coagulation/fi ltration process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2-2 Biological nitrate removal testing in Glendale, Arizona. . . 34
2-3 Biological fi ltration process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2-4 Biological iron and manganese removal vessels
in Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2-5 Hydrous manganese oxide process fl ow diagram. . . . . . . . . 39
2-6 Hydrous manganese dioxide solution tanks and
solution feed pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2-7 Oxidation–fi ltration process fl ow diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2-8 Small on-site sodium hypochlorite generator with wall-
mounted reaction cell, softener, brine tank, and solution
tank in a well house in California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-9 Wall-mounted ozone generation equipment in a well
building at Camano Island, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2-10 Online process monitoring equipment used to track
performance of remote groundwater treatment plants . . . . 46
2-11 Adsorptive removal process fl ow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2-12 Greensand fi ltration plant in Geneva, Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . 49
2-13 A 4,500-gpm groundwater treatment plant in Batavia,
Illinois, that uses manganese dioxide fi lters and on-site
chlorine generation to remove iron and manganese . . . . . . 50
2-14 Iron and manganese fi lters at Lakewood, Washington,
with fi lter loading rate of 10 gpm/ft2 using manganese
dioxide media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2-15 Multiple sample ports on adsorptive media vessels
help track progression of contaminants through the
media bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2-16 Ion exchange is often a simple fl ow-through process. . . . . . 53
2-17 Small ion-exchange system installed for iron removal in
Washington State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2-18 RO or UF membrane process fl ow diagram. Shown as
two stage system without pretreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2-19 MF or NF membrane process fl ow diagram. Shown
without pretreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ix
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