Trauma Management

691 Pages·2000·41.672 MB·English

by  Demetrios Demetriades, Juan Asensio

v a d e m e c u m
Trauma Management
Demetrios Demetriades, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S.
University of Southern California
Juan A. Asensio, M.D., F.A.C.S.
University of Southern California
L A N D E S
B I O S C I E N C E
GEORGETOWN, TEXAS
U.S.A.
http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield
VADEMECUM
Trauma Management
LANDES BIOSCIENCE
Georgetown, Texas U.S.A.
Copyright ©2000 Landes Bioscience
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Please address all inquiries to the Publisher:
Landes Bioscience, 810 S. Church Street, Georgetown, Texas, U.S.A. 78626
Phone: [phone]; FAX: [phone]
ISBN: 1-57059-641-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Trauma management / [edited by] Demetrios Demetriades, Juan A.
Asensio.
p. ; cm. -- (Vademecum)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57059-641-7 (spiral)
1. Wounds and injuries--Treatment. 2. Traumatology. 3. Surgical
emergencies. 4. Emergency medical services. I. Demetriades,
Demetrios, 1951- II. Asensio, Juan A. III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Wounds and Injuries--diagnosis. 2. Wounds and
Injuries--therapy. 3. Critical care--methods. 4. Emergency Medical
Services--methods. 5. Emergency Treatment--methods.
WO 700 T77569 2000]
RD93.T6892 2000
617.1--dc21 00-031657
While the authors, editors, sponsor and publisher believe that drug selection and dosage and
the specifications and usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord
with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication, they make no
warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material described in this book. In view of the
ongoing research, equipment development, changes in governmental regulations and the
rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical sciences, the reader is urged to
carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein.
Dedication
To my parents, my wife Elizabeth, my daughters, Alexis and Stephanie,
and my son, Nicholas.
D. Demetriades
To my family, (E, JC, AA, JAA and HV) and to the memory of AOA, SG,
RP and SG, who were instrumental in my life.
J.A. Asensio
Contents
Prehospital Care
1. Prehospital Trauma Care..............................................................2
Samuel J. Stratton and Mark Eckstein
Emergency Room Care
2. Initial Evaluation and Management
in the Emergency Department....................................................16
Jack Sava and Juan A. Asensio
3. Ultrasound in Trauma................................................................29
Diku Mandavia
4. Analgesia and Sedation in Trauma..............................................39
William K. Mallon, Grace Ting and Maria Rudis
5. Emergency Airway Management in the Trauma Patient.............54
Kirsten Robinson and Sean O. Henderson
6. Shock and Resuscitation.............................................................69
Fred Bongard
Head
7. Management of Head Injury ......................................................84
Peter Gruen
8. Maxillofacial Trauma..................................................................94
Dennis-Duke R. Yamashita and Mark M. Urata
Neck
9. Evaluation of the C-Spine.........................................................115
George C. Velmahos
10. Penetrating Injuries of the Neck ...............................................127
Demetrios Demetriades
11. Carotid Artery Injuries .............................................................135
S. Ram Kumar and Fred A. Weaver
12. Subclavian and Axillary Vascular Injuries..................................141
Demetrios Demetriades
13. Vertebral Artery Injuries ..........................................................152
Demetrios Demetriades
14. Laryngotracheal Injuries...........................................................157
Uttam K. Sinha and Dennis M. Crockett
15. Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries............................................171
Milan Stevanovic and Frances Sharpe
Chest
16. Blunt Thoracic Trauma............................................................186
George C. Velmahos
17. Penetrating Chest Injuries: Evaluation and Management..........195
Arthur Fleming
18. Cardiac Injuries ........................................................................200
Demetrios Demetriades
19.Lung Injuries............................................................................212
William C. Chiu and Aurelio Rodriguez
20. Blunt Aortic Trauma ................................................................221
Ismael Navarro Nuño, Juan A. Asensio
21. Penetrating Thoracic Vascular Injuries......................................229
Matthew J. Wall, Jr. and Anthony Estrera
22. Diaphragm Injuries ..................................................................237
James A. Murray
23. Esophageal Injury.....................................................................249
Juan A. Asensio and Esteban Gambaro
24. CT Scan in Chest Trauma........................................................254
Alison Wilcox and Randall Radin
25. Emergency Department Thoracotomy .....................................271
Juan A. Asensio and Kuen-Jang Tsai
Abdomen
26. Evaluation of Blunt Abdominal Trauma...................................281
Michael Sugrue
27. Evaluation of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma..........................293
George C. Velmahos
28. Hepatic Injuries and Bile Duct Injuries ....................................303
Thomas V. Berne
29. Splenic Injuries.........................................................................314
John A. Androulakis and Michael N. Stavropoulos
30. Pancreatic Injuries ....................................................................326
Juan A. Asensio and Walter Forno
31. Duodenal Injuries.....................................................................333
Juan A. Asensio and Walter Forno
32. Colon/Rectal Injuries................................................................340
Claudia E. Goetter and William F. Fallon Jr.
33. Genitourinary Tract Trauma.....................................................348
Eila C. Skinner
34. Abdominal Vascular Injury .......................................................356
Juan A. Asensio and Matias Lejarraga
35. Abdominal Compartment Syndrome........................................363
Demetrios Demetriades
36. Damage Control Operations ....................................................370
Richard J. Mullins and John C. Mayberry
37. CT Scan in Abdominal Trauma................................................380
Sravanthi R. Keesara and Nabil A.Yassa
Orthopedic Injuries
38. Extremity Compartment Syndrome..........................................405
George C. Velmahos and Pantelis Vassiliu
39. Penetrating Extremity Injury....................................................413
Edward Newton
40. Popliteal Vessel Injuries.............................................................420
Michael S. Walsh and John P. Raj
41. Hand Trauma...........................................................................426
Christopher Shean and Stephen Schnall
42. Long Bone Fractures and the General Surgeon.........................437
Jackson Lee
43. Pelvic Fractures and the General Surgeon .................................450
Jackson Lee
44. Spinal Injuries ..........................................................................458
Larry T. Khoo, Wei-Lee Liao and Gordon Engler
Miscellaneous Topics
45. Pediatric Trauma......................................................................480
M. Margaret Knudson
46. Geriatric Trauma......................................................................492
Demetrios Demetriades
47. Trauma in Pregnancy................................................................496
John Fildes and Timothy Browder
48. Interventional Radiology in the Care
of the Trauma Patient...............................................................501
Trevor D. Nelson and M. Victoria Marx
49. Minimally Invasive Surgery in Trauma.....................................527
James A. Murray
50. Ballistics of Gunshot Injuries....................................................532
Kenneth G. Swan and K.G. Swan, Jr.
51. Blast Injuries.............................................................................544
Avraham I. Rivkind and Tal Luria
52. Forensics for Trauma Care Givers.............................................553
Thomas T. Noguchi
53. Endocrine Problems in Trauma.................................................563
Elizabeth O. Beale
54.MOF Failure: MOF Syndrome.................................................577
H. Gill Cryer
55. Surgical Nutrition.....................................................................581
Edward E. Cornwell
56. Acute Burn Injury.....................................................................585
Jeffrey R. Antimarino and Warren L. Garner
57.Inhalation Injury......................................................................594
John F. Fraser and Michael Muller
58. Management
of the Potential Organ Donor Patient.......................................602
Bradley J. Roth
59. Hypothermia in Trauma Patients .............................................607
Thomas V. Berne
60. Trauma Scores ..........................................................................610
D. Bowley and Ken Boffard
61. Crush Syndrome.......................................................................618
Gail T. Tominaga
62. Anesthesia of the Traumatized Patient......................................623
Michael J Sullivan and Earl Moore-Jefferies
63. Transfusion Therapy.................................................................636
Gay Wehrli and Ira A. Shulman
64. Venous Thromboembolism After Injury...................................646
George C. Velmahos
65.Trauma Program Manager........................................................655
Kathleen E. Alo and Pamela M.Griffith
66.Fat Embolism ...........................................................................663
George Androulakis and Demetrios Demetriades
67.Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Trauma............................................668
Howard Belzberg
Index ........................................................................................674
Editors
Demetrios Demetriades, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.S.
Professor of Surgery
Director of Trauma and Critical Care
Division of Trauma and Critical Care
University of Southern California
Department of Surgery
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Chapters 10, 12, 13, 18, 35, 46, 66
Juan A. Asensio, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Associate Professor of Surgery
Unit Chief, Trauma Surgery Service 'A'
Division of Trauma/Critical Care
Department of Surgery
University of Southern California School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Chapters 2, 20, 23, 25, 30, 31, 34