Trattato di logica

717 Pages·012.538 MB·Italian

by  Pietro Ispano

BOMPIANI
TESATF IR ONTE
PietTsrp aon o TESTOI NTEGRALE
Tratditl aotgioc a
Summulleo gica/es
quesltaap ri mat raduzdieotlnr ea ctdaitP uise tTrsop a(nnoa to
È
nel1 20c5i rceal,e tptaop nae 11276c oni nlo med iG iovanXXnTi,
mortnoe 11277u)n,a d elplieùi mportoapnetride il ogimcead ievale.
Puntdoia rrivdoe lrliaf lesssuipior noeb ledmelili nguacgghiero i sale
finaoP latoenA er istoptuenltedo,ia rrivdois uccesosriievnit amenti
delflial osmoefdiiae vaqluee,s t'oèpa enrcah ien,m aniedriar etta
(comnee cla sdoe pla drdee lsleam iotaimceari caCnhaa rles
SandePrise rcoei )nm, a nieirnad ireptutnatd,oir iferimento
deltleeo rfiiel osofico-leis negmuiiosttidicechnlheo e s ttreom po.
L'orientamdeenltllooa g ivcear suon ad ialetdteilcplara o babilità,
ciolèac oncezdieolndleia alectotmiaecr atd ei alopgerig ciau ngere
ado pinipornoib abfiadl iqi u,e st'oupne'riam poreta atnttuea le
contriablultsoot uddieol l'argomenatq auzeildolenole tl,ee c niche
dip ersuaseia olnlfeao ndazidoiun ne' anaclriistdiie ctiaru cchi
retorpirlc 'io ttenidmeeclno tnos enQsuoe.s t'ediczuiroantea,
·
daA ugusPtoon zipor,o fesosrdoirnea rdiiFo i losnoeflila' Università
diB arèic ,o rredadtaia n troduziboinbel,i ognroatfaeilt a e,s to,
indiacnia lietg ilcois sa1rt1ie os.lt aot ianf or onritper oduce,
conq ualcvhaeri aziloanm ea,gg ioreed izicorniet diirc iaf erimento
DeR ijkm)a,n elnloet een eltlraa duzsiiot niee cnoe nto
(L. M.
anchdei v arasnitgin ifiecd aetlilv'ee dliz.i BoMon.ce h eriski.
PTETRTOS PANO
TRATTATO LOGICA
DJ
SUMMULEL OGTCALES
Testloa tian for onte
Introduzitornaed,u zione
note pepa raadtiiA ugustPoo nzio
�BOMPIANI
�TESTAIF RONTE
ISBN9 78-88-452-0305-3
© 200R4. C.SL.i brSi. p.AM.i,l ano
le dizioBnoem piani
Te�tai f ronfteeb bra2i0o0 4
Iled izioBnoem piani
Testai f ronntoev embr2e0l O
INTRODUZIONE
l. opeeri sal u aou torel
I.:
Trcataptuueòss sdeirveii nds uope a tril:ap r ima
ll
hap eorg geltacto os idldoegtaitncata i ques ooirc u­m
cupdae cio ncientottdurit tdievpiir ,e dlicida,eb llie
categdoersiiilo elgs,im id,el iu ogahrig onmtevaite i
delflaaelc l(ilei Ib-reVVi I Il)sa;e cdoahn a opgegre t­
tol al ogmiocdae rnool roug.nmi o cvacah,ee s amlinea
porprideettieà r mnienclio ntdeesltdloie v eernsuen ­
cianziei,s o io ccudpeaals lupposidzetiieo rnmei,n i
relatlli'vpapie,al zlidoedneeg,al mip liaem deenlltei
restrdiezllisaoi ngiinc iafziedo entiee ,r mdiinisibt ur­
tiviV (Ie lV iIbIIr-i.XI I)
All'ovvidai penddeapnlez naes raior itsectlooi-boe­
ziasniaog2 g iunngeoTlnr oa cetlaeetmnudtsii n ovità
chneo sno lo asvvruiaplnpnnoeo pl e sniemreoid evale
contpeomranee socu cessnievmioo ,d iisntD iu,n s
ScoitnOo c,kh amm,a c hceo nservano ancora oggi at­
tuaelv iatlàno er'lemal bidteol lloiagc dae,l filloas ofia
delli naggugei doe llsae micoaQt.ui esetliee mntdii
novictoàmr,ei saunlctdhaale l tae rminiomlpoigeigaa ­
tac,o lleigTlar cnattoau cso lneI ntroduicnlt oigoin­es
camd iG ulgiedlimS oh erwoodm,ae sot rPaa irgfir a il
ei l e colnaL ogi(cSau mLmaam btetdr)e l
1240 1248,
domneicaLnaom bteodr 'uAxeer3(r hcep oetbrbaen ­
chees sesrtea trai tcstocam uen c ommeinotd aerl
Tratcatoulst)cr,hec e o anl tri cdoilm opgedinicdfai­
fuaslli' eppeosrcc ao dpiid attici.
VI AUGUSTOP ONZJO
Èo pportsuengona nlealiri eb rie V IIaI-l Vc uni
aspeitnotnvia tcihvledii i ffzeiraeannmop iamdean te
unsae mplice esploosgiaizircisaotl noi.etc eadella
prilmiob dreoTlr actaitnutsi, tDoei lnattrood uc­
TI
tionsio b u-cnollemee'd izBioocnhee -nDsepk rio po­
sitionniobncus ot,ni esnoel tia onnccteot itnit rodutti­
vic hrei guarldala ongaoiir cosatt el(iipcnara t iceo lar
Dell'interprretiapzraietrostnaiev) el r'psoeord aiB oe­
zi.Do aq ue'uslttiemd oa ldlies sciuosdnei'lp elocila
librtora anIec lhatee madteilcplraeo p osiizpiootneit i­
chec,h ees podnoep o taarvtetrda etllooa p posizione
dellper oposiczaitoengio rriacpehpesr entaantdtorlaa­
verils oc osidd"euqtatadotrd oe golpip o"s4Dt.ai
Boezeid oac ommendtea'lrelip orciapdr eea nnclhae
trattadezliploreno peo simzoidoanc/iih e,c ondeilc e
impiedgaa'eltdloi zBioocnhee rnisskiuinl,dt iacc oa­ta
mes ef osse unaap arste"eIz nicoiTnpreiat c tmaot­us
dalium".
Inolqturie cionam letp raer, qt uiansdioo c cupa
delflnuaz iodneteiem rinnied li scoilrT rsaoc,t satiu s
rifearnicsahcleeIl nes titugtriaomnmeast diciPa rei �
scia(ns.oeV c-VI).An alogadmeaBn oteez,ei doa
esposdiezslie oXcnI.ieI d egilnii zXiII Ird iepldr ee n
lata rttazdiepoirn eed li(icTa rbaictIaItru)is f,a cendosi
all'lsdaiPg oogirerf. i o
Su'Il nldroduacdtsy ilol ogiscmaotse godriiBc ooes ­
zi,so i biIalVs l aio b,Dre s illogmisavm iits r,oa vmio
aggiuinnettrseea sn,c toimlead eifnizdiio" entrem i­
nee"d i" porposiez"ri iopnrdeaAs rei staottterlae­,
verfosnoti in ter(metac druipieor babillmaDei nat­e
lectMiocnaa censeni se')l5ol tdteillclaaog imcoad erno­
rume,d a ltirnen ovadzeillolonagi mi ecdavi aelceo me
lef ormmunleem onbiacrhbeac real areecntcc,.h re i ­
salgaognloi d ei1ln2i0z0i.
INTRODUZIONE VII
Ancheil libVrIoIo ,l trees seaue dnr s'peosizione
delalnea alriistsiet loidcehgEell ie nscohtfiiisc coin,t ie­
ne nccoeett teimp ior pird eldlilaae tmteiidceav eadl e
èa nch'uencs osnot raillblauo tgoti ecram ineids tica
ancahlse u sov pilupo ndeillrae zdiiuo nnsaee manti­
cad e'llencuinaziinotnpeeir uat tcohdseet losl useei n-
golpeat riis olate.
.
Ès taotram aabbia ndolnaat tedase ill i'goirbnie­
zantdienTlar c atastousnstu,et a adnaCc alhrP er antl
(GescdhieLcroh gtiiemkA benldnadeI,II , che
1866),
risaall e datianc uEila isE hinpguebrb òliu cn
1597,
compenidngi roe dceoll lao gidciAa r istaottterlie­
buendaolfil loo osb oifzanMtiicnhoPe sleell o
(0118-
er itednoelntoe sotroi gidnica uilliT e rc atadtiu s
78) il
PietIrsop annoon esbabcreh lea t raduzQiuoen­e.
sotp'e croan,nt eenstoel tial nitbootr ria tIVt-Ias,tèi i
rilvaetaalc, ot nria,or utnraa idoundzeeT lr cataetfu­s,
fettuanteal �ecoaldoo p edriaG iogriSoc ho­
XV
larios.
A patrel eq uestcioonncie rnleadn itpie ndole anz a
reciparuotcoan formai aP ietrGou glIisdepilam noo ,
Sherdw,ao outorel tndreolldoeun ceitsnli oagmic6e,
Lambedr'tAxoue r(rSeu mLammab ertrze')7sc,to a­
munqiuflea ttoil Tcrchatea stiiu nss erniesllccaoe ­
munter adidzisi tounddeei ll loag diecXlaI IsIe ceo lo
ripdre·ee d nisciudteaeeb bastdaifnfzfuargs ales i t u­
diodsili o geid cilaae tdteiplce ar iioncd uofi us rctito.
Inolstiraneme oml o menitnco u sivi e rinfeilllcaoa g i­
cau ns ottmiail mep,o rtsapnotset admeeclne tnot ro
di'ntseerc,ei soeès saan,z iocchcéu pdaicr hsceio ssia­
gnifipcaat redu endlai scosorics cou,p paor bdleelm a
dico mtea plaetr es ignqiufiaclacc ohsea 8.
Mail Trcatastidui ss tisnogpurea tptelurats tuoa
caapcidtisà i stieomneape zer caizsiocnhneee s piega-
VIII AUGUSPTOON ZIO
nol ad iufsfioeln ue't izlaizzicoonmeme a unalen elle
unviersità9.
Inlotpreres ennottae evloeelmnidt iio rigirnia­lità
speatlltoeop erle 'pdoeecalal qluea pluieò s saecrceo ­
staBteon.c pheéer,s empiti eor,m cihniiad veTler ac­
tatucsi,os ièg nz/iscuaptpioos,ci otpiuol,ae taipop ella­
finoo pi} osscaenrot aemesnsteer e ceosncsliudseir­ati
vid iq usetp'eor(as utlleao dreillasa i ginciafzidoenie ,
ternmidi,e lplreo poosniidz,ei lleen uinaczniiso,u lla
diatliecstau,llt ae odreilasl uapo psinzeic,oo nsiderata
ancihnre a ppocroltnado o tiatnd rellfella aice, e sulla
teodreilaal pap ellnaezslie ocnoXelI Io e pirnmeel le
decaddeXilI I Iv,.l ar accdoilt teasa tc iu rdaiD e
Rijk)Olt,u vtitilaa loro eurseorn itèse p daeiq tfutfeol ­
loc hep,ee rs empsieno ef, a i nG ulgieldmiSo h er­
wooed L ambedrA'tuox reerU.n 'attaennlatidasi i
quesdtieefr fenèzs et actoan dodtaLt .Ma . D eRi jk
nella insoutdaru ziaolTnr aec tataunsclahlte,t raverso
lash cematizzadzeildoliniaves idoencieo ncfeotntdia ­
mentcahlseiri i troivnqa uneos t'eoi pnae lrtmaro e­,
stracnodmeoes nsoisn i asnoov rapp2o.n ibilil
C'tètu taivnci moau nfer Pai eltrsop aGnuolg,i el­
mod iS herwoeoL da mbedrA'tuoex rlre'i oerntamen­
tod elllao gviecraus noda i laettdiecllpaar oabbilità,
ciolèac oncezdieolldnaie a-lectotmaietrc epa e gri un­
geraedo pinpiroonbbiila Ei,.p orprpioroc edeinnd o
quesdtiar eezil,iT ornactsavtiua cs o nfriagnucdoom e
unm etoddioo r itemanennteoci o nfrdoernlat ogini a­
menetd oe lli ngucahgrgeii eois,nqc uea lmcanhiee ra
ada utonomdiaz zepasrruspipa ontsotlio (gsviieca di,
nleT ractVatIu,s lad istifnrzpaiu onndteiov ista
12,
logeip cuon dtivo i sntaata ulorea ntoclo,om) galigra­
doil rifiemretnop,e ers empailloga,e rairzczhazione
dellsep ecedi eegi e nedre'illa lbedrioP orrfii1o3.
E
INTRODUZIEO N IX
forasnec hseo ttqou esatsop etitlTo r actparteusse nta
noteveolleim endtioi r iginalaiuttào.n omizzazione
L'
daq ualsmieatsaifi spiacrat icollor aersdeei sponibile
ade sseurtei lizecz oamtmoe ntaantcoh dea e sponenti
dis cuofliel osoefit cehoel ogfirclaho err oi vali14.
Rispetatlloam enzioneadtiaz idoinD eeRi jkc,h eè
del1972m,e nor ecesnotniqo u ellaac urdaiI .M .B o­
chenksi,d e1l94715eq ,u eldlia]P ..M ulladleyll 95416.
Quest'ulntoincm oam prenipd rei msiet ir attcaotni­,
sideruantasi i nopsrsait dieclall oag iacrai stotienl­ica;
cludpee rc ontrtor attDaeet xop onentcihbeiu nsv,e ­
il
cev iengee neralmceonntsei depraarttnoeo nd elT rac­
tatmuas dell'alotpreard ai l ogidciaP ietlrsop ano,
SyncathegorL'eeudmiaztiado.inB eo chenssiak wia le
fondamentdaelclmo ednitRceee gL .a t1.2 05( inidzeilo
XIV secd.e)l Bliab lioAtpeocsat oVlaitciacI alln iab.r o
VIIi nt aeldei zièu onnave e rsimoonloet
ridortitsap etto
aq uedlellla 'edidziDi eRio jnkeI. n ollt'riene tdeirzai one
Bochencsoknit ineunmee reorsrito rrsaiv iesf trea inten­
dimednilt eit tcuhreaa,t, t railvc eornstor soulcllo od ice
uastLoo,r enzoh aPp ouznztiu alemveindteen ziato17.
Assaaim pièal as erdieeci o didceilT ractcaotnu­s
sultdaatD ie Ri jkt,r iaq uallais uae dizisoian wea le
soprattduetsite og uenctoid:. (Avenioninein­sis,
311
zidoe sle cX.I V)M,u seCoa lvAevti,g none;I n/,
H. 64
(Ambrosiianniuzsdi,eo lX IIsIe c.B)i,b lioAtme­ca
brosiMainlaa,n coo;d . (Eporediianniuzdsie,oXIl V
79,
sec.B)i,b lioCtaepciat olIavrreeR,ae·;g L.a t.
1731,
(VaticRaenguisn enisniiszd,ie oXl I Vs ec.B)i,b lioteca
ApostolViactai caCniat,td àe lV aticacnood;.
158
(Cordubefinnsedi esXl,I IsIe cB.i)b liodteeElcx ac el­
lentisCsaibmiol Cdoor,d oba.
L'ordidneedi i velrisbior t ir atsteactoin ld'oe dizio­
neD eRi jks,t abiilnbi atsoae lr affrodnectioo d iccii-
AUGUSPTOON ZIO
x
taetd iia ltèqr iu,ei llnoid c�atllno'i izeidèo l ,os tesso
diq ueldle'loel dizBioocnhee snoslkcoihi ,en q uesta,
comaeb bidaemtot tor,a tVtIaèIut nova e rspiioùn e
il
bre(vFea lmliancoirreie ssp)aeq tuteodl eleolld 'izione
DeRi jk( Fallmaaciieo Sreecso)tn.lad eoo r diqnuee sto
tratDtea/ atlola,c,ci hsdeo vrefbapbrae r dteegl r up­
pod ediaclla"atl oio cgaatn qiu,sa tir ocvoal lodcoa­to
po quello Diens tuiptpooonlsiacistht,o,eii nveicne­,
sieamite r atVtIaItIi-r XiIeInn terllcaao sid"dleot­ta
gican oav"E. t uvtait,ca omaeb ibamo daentcthoe,
questtroa tstlluaeft aoll aocciceu,p adnedloplslaiiu ­ r
voceid teà'l malbigudiettieà r meid neillp eor posizio­
nic,ot nribaulislsvlociu ep dpeol lloag imcian itsetrica.
Sllu'idtieicnfazdiiPo niee tIrspoa cnooPn i etdrio
GiluiadniLo i bsoncah,ne e 1l2 7d6i vneepn apcao l
nomdei G ioavnnXiX Is,o nsoat tsio llevdiavteir si
dubbii,nt emppiirù e ceanp taiirr ted a D.
H. Si­
monliBnc,h nee 1l39 0a ttrqiubseutpì'e oraalf rate
sapgnoPlioe tdriAlo fo nso,a dAfi nngode Ol'r sch e
ne1l997h1a9r irpesilpo or blaem mettenidndo i scus­
siotnrelaa,' l tgrloai,r gomceoncntu iDi e R ijakt tri­
buisaclPe i etIrsop acnhode i vepnanpela as tesura
deTlr cataLtauq su.e strieosantpeae ret,da a;tc oh e
nocnis onsoc hiacpcrioiavnnse et nis o crointter­ario,
niadmiod overci-aaltmtepenenoilrem roem enaltloa
tardizeidoa nlleaa b bansztaaar ogmenttaetdsaiiD e
Rijk- allead iczuciiiro infee rpieaqrmu oa nrtiaogr u­
dail t escthove i ernpieor dotatf or ondteeln loasa t r
tradnue-z,ci oonntuianqduoi naddai t triilbT aruicr­e
tatauPls e trHuiss paPnourstle ungs,aai lsiGaiso vanni
(vo.l tlra"e No,t ibziioia-b bliografica").
XXI
ITRNODUZIONE XI
2.L ad ialettica
IlT rcaattucosn siidp eorrbal edmeill loacg aic,h e
sonaonh cep orblemio gcgchihae im ermeomd ifi lo­
sofdielali nggguieado is emioitnfin uczai,od neselu o
interperscisinep aclheeè, q uellpoe lra d iatlteica.
Della laofegfrmiaci alc aratftnoedarmee ntalmente
diacloeI.tn tticeosmade i aleltalt oigcaiasc,sa u amle
tempo ilsc taersastdotid ae ilr-oeg .Di ecllaogvoise ne
ricoosnciiluc toos tvioct aurtaeidt tide iraolsIo.ngl otre
lad ialestbita isscauap l or balbeci,h èel ai nevitabile
codnizidoipn atere ndzioa g nriao gniamento.
Lad ialeètl t'tiacecrh aae p lrvaei ap raiind ctiiu pitmi te i­
toEdpi e.r ncelil'òqa ucisidzeilolnee l sdaci iaelneztet ica deve
essleparr eaim .n om'ed ial'ed tetricdiaa'vd aai' c,h èed uee
n
'lo'gc,oi s'odèi sscooo'r, dleax, ci siroaèog niamenqtuoaa,s i
indicilad ries coo rrilsa og iondaimd eupena trodt iiv erse,
cioqèu ecllhase oi p poenq eue clhlea rinseplldoain sdceu s­
sion(eT ractatus,
ll,)
Discudsisailoèenq teut eiclchlpaear oceddeapn ordpoo ­
sizpiroonbièa cboinltir odvice ornstiraa d(rdTaictztuiaso,n i
VI1I),.
Comrei sudlaptlaa s so csiotpairtslaoi ,gn ificato
detle rmdiilnaeet ètd iectaei rnmaattrota veilrs suoo
accostaamlte enrtmodi inael Ionge ofe.ft tit ie,r mini
SlaÀeK(TidIaKliie tet ica)( dlioaghoa)n no
S1aÀoyos
las tedsesrai vazione etimorlioflgeitc­a
(S1a�yol-la1:
terdeu,b iet,pa alrrardeic,su tee)Nr.ell 'naticcoan ­
trpaposiezt ir"oalon ugdo ialeet "tliucoosg"oo f isti­
co" de'laglromteanzièo snoeti tnoelalat'nat ittreas i
uneaf efttdiivltaaet icchaèe, d ilaog,i cuean af alsa
dialetcthèiem c oanl oog.i ca