Table Of ContentTodd Shelly · Nancy Epsky
Eric B. Jang · Jesus Reyes-Flores
Roger Vargas Editors
Trapping and the
Detection, Control,
and Regulation of
Tephritid Fruit Flies
Lures, Area-Wide Programs, and Trade
Implications
Trapping and the Detection, Control, and
Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies
Some Important Tephritid Species
Flyspecies(photocredit):
Toprow(lefttoright): Rhagoletispomonella(JuanRull),Ceratitiscapitata
(Giovanni Benelli), Ceratitis rosa (Robert
Copeland)
Middle row: Anastrepha ludens (Ana Rodriguez), Anastrepha
fraterculus (M.Teresa Vera), Bactrocera oleae
(GiovanniBenelli)
Bottom row: Bactrocera tryoni (Jaye Newman), Bactrocera
cucurbitae (Ana Rodriguez), Bactrocera dorsalis
(AnaRodriguez)
Todd Shelly (cid:129) Nancy Epsky (cid:129) Eric B. Jang (cid:129)
Jesus Reyes-Flores (cid:129) Roger Vargas
Editors
Trapping and the Detection,
Control, and Regulation of
Tephritid Fruit Flies
Lures, Area-Wide Programs, and
Trade Implications
Editors
ToddShelly NancyEpsky
APHIS ARS
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
Waimanalo,Hawaii,USA Miami,Florida,USA
EricB.Jang JesusReyes-Flores
ARS InsectPestControlSection
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
Hilo,Hawaii,USA FoodandAgricultureOrganization
Vienna,Austria
RogerVargas
ARS
UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture
Hilo,Hawaii,USA
ISBN978-94-017-9192-2 ISBN978-94-017-9193-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9
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Dedicated to the Memory of Robert R. Heath
[1945–2011] and Donald A. Lindquist
[1930–2011]
BobHeath’sexpertiseinthedevelopmentand
application of insect semiochemicals along
withDonLindquist’svisionandcoordination
of full scale multinational programs to test
novelapproacheshaveresultedinsubstantial
advances in the use of trapping for tephritid
fruit fly detection and control.
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Preface
This project emerged from three simple facts: (i)Certain species of tephritid fruit
fliesareamongtheworld’s mostnotoriouspestsofcommerciallyimportant fruits
andvegetables;(ii) trapping these fliesis vital toidentifyinginfestations, control-
lingdetectedpopulations,andestablishingguidelinesforinternationaltransportof
agriculturalcommodities;and(iii)despiteitscentralrole,thereexistsnocompre-
hensiverepositoryoffactualortheoreticalmaterialrelatingspecificallytotrapping
issues for economically important Tephritidae. While the editors (and we assume
many of the authors) would admit to a scientific fascination with this group of
insects, production of a volume devoted strictly to trapping of a relatively small
numberofpestspeciesreflects,notjustthisscientificcuriosity,butalsotheserious
impact these pests have on global commerce. As Aldo Malavasi notes in his
Introductory Remarks, every major fruit and vegetable growing county in the
world maintains some program relating to surveillance and control of tephritid
fruit fly pests. Thus, trapping issues concern scientists, regulatory agencies, and
trade organizations in countries of every continent, from Australia and Brazil
throughthealphabettoYemenandZimbabwe.
We thank all the authors for their contributions, which were produced without
financial compensation. Collectively, they exhibited a spirit of industry, coopera-
tion, and patience that smoothed the task of editing. We extend special thanks to
A. Malavasi, who graciously provided introductory remarks. TS also thanks
J.C.Stewart,whoallowedhimtimetoinitiateandcompletethisproject.
Each chapter was reviewed by at least one editor and at least one external
reviewer.Weextenddeepappreciationandgratitudetothefollowingindividuals,
who served as reviewers: R. Dowell, J. Duan, R. Duthie, W. Enkerlin, Y. Gazit,
S. Geib, T. Holler, P. Kendra, L. Leblanc, A. Liebhold, N. Manoukis,
A. Manrakhan, D. McInnis, M. De Meyer, D. Midgarden, S. Myers, A.Norrbom,
J. Pin˜ero, J. Rojas, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose, D. M. Suckling, S. Thornsbury,
M.Virgilio,T.Yamanaka,B.Yuval,andJ.L.ZavalaLopez.
We also thank those who graciously provided the photos appearing in the
precedinggallery.
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viii Preface
Ourgoalwastoproduceacomprehensivesynthesisoftephritid-centrictrapping
issues, and accordingly the topics included are far-ranging and address lures and
traps,populationecologyanddetection,suppressionanderadicationstrategies,and
regulatoryissues.Wehopewehaveachievedthisgoalandthatthisvolumeproves
usefulforyearstocome.
Waimanalo,HI,USA ToddShelly
Miami,FL,USA NancyEpsky
Hilo,HI,USA EricB.Jang
Vienna,Austria JesusReyes-Flores
Hilo,HI,USA RogerVargas
Introductory Remarks
From an economic point of view, true fruit flies are, by far, the most important
insect family attacking horticultural crops. Tephritid flies cause both direct losses
and also indirect losses as their presence can result in major international trading
constraints. Total damage caused in all production, harvesting, packing, and mar-
keting worldwide is estimated to amount to more than 2 billion dollars annually.
Their economic and trading importance is so high that in every fruit growing
country there is at least one unit dedicated to fruit fly detectionand control under
theNationalPlantProtectionOrganization.
Inthiscontext,anessentialissueistodeterminethedensityanddistributionof
fruitflypopulationsinthefield.Inallcases,flypopulationsvaryfromzerotohigh
numbers, depending on many factors, but mainly host availability and climate
conditions. All this critical information, obtained mainly through trapping, is
required to design the most effective strategies in order to suppress or eliminate
thepopulation.
Thebigchallengeforresearchersandmanagersofactionprogramsistochoose
thebesttrappingsystemavailableforaparticulargrowingareaorregionandfora
specificfruitflyspeciesorgroupofspecies.Fourcriticalparametersareinvolved:
traptype,flyattractant,trapdensity,andserviceinterval.Oncesuchparametersare
defined,theoperationandlogisticsofthesurveillancenetworkneedtobeplanned
toprovidethemostaccuratepossibleestimatesoftheactualfruitflypopulationsin
the field – whether an orchard or vegetable field, natural vegetation or an urban
area, or an area-wide landscape that includes a mosaic of these different types of
areas.
Defining the optimal trap type and fly attractant is an endless task. Both by
chanceorbyactivesearch,manyresearchersinallcountriesaredeeplyinvolvedin
developing more effective, selective, inexpensive, and easier to handle combina-
tions of trap and attractant. A huge number of solutions can be found in the
literature or in local/regional fruit fly manuals. However, there is a worldwide
effort to harmonize the solutions in order to have comparable data that can be
internationallyrecognized.
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