Transportation and power grid in smart cities: communication networks and services

686 Pages·2019·17.408 MB·English

by  Erol-Kantarci, Melike, Mouftah, Hussein T., Rehmani, Mubashir Husain

TransportationandPowerGridinSmartCities

Transportation and Power Grid in Smart Cities
CommunicationNetworksandServices
EditedBy
HusseinT.MouftahandMelikeErol-Kantarci
UniversityofOttawa
Ottawa,Canada
MubashirHusainRehmani
COMSATSInstituteofInformationTechnology
WahCantt,Pakistan
Thiseditionfirstpublished2019
©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,
exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable
athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
TherightofHusseinT.Mouftah,MelikeErol-KantarciandMubashirHusainRehmanitobeidentifiedasthe
authorsoftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.
RegisteredOffices
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
EditorialOffice
TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproducts
visitusatwww.wiley.com.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthat
appearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty
®
MATLAB isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorksdoesnot
®
warranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thiswork’suseordiscussionofMATLAB
softwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofa
®
particularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLAB software.
Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno
representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisworkand
specificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityor
fitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,written
salesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductis
referredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthe
publisherandauthorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovide
orrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengaged
inrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyour
situation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshouldbeawarethat
websiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhen
itisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercial
damages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Mouftah,HusseinT.,editor.|Erol-Kantarci,Melike,editor.|
Rehmani,MubashirHusain,1983-editor.
Title:Transportationandpowergridinsmartcities:communicationnetworks
andservices/editedbyHusseinT.Mouftah,MelikeErol-Kantarci,
MubashirHusainRehmani.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Son,2019.|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.|DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIP
dataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed.
Identifiers:LCCN2018012509(print)|LCCN2018028974(ebook)|ISBN
9781119360094(pdf)|ISBN9781119360117(epub)|ISBN9781119360087
(cloth:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Smartpowergrids–Communicationsystems.|Urban
transportation.
Classification:LCCTK3105(ebook)|LCCTK3105.T732018(print)|DDC
388.3/12–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018012509
Coverimage:©chinaface/iStockphoto;©oonal/iStockphoto;©ansonmiao/iStockphoto
CoverdesignbyWiley
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
ListofContributors xxi
Preface xxvii
SECTIONI CommunicationTechnologiesforSmartCities 1
1 Energy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmartCities 3
MustafaOzger,OktayCetinkayaandOzgurB.Akan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 CognitiveRadio 5
1.1.2 CognitiveRadioSensorNetworks 5
1.1.3 EnergyHarvestingandEnergy-HarvestingSensorNetworks 6
1.2 MotivationsforUsingEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmart
Cities 6
1.2.1 MotivationsforSpectrum-AwareCommunications 7
1.2.2 MotivationsforSelf-SustainingCommunications 7
1.3 ChallengesPosedbyEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadiosinSmartCities 8
1.4 Energy-HarvestingCognitiveInternetofThings 9
1.4.1 Definition 9
1.4.2 Energy-HarvestingMethodsinIoT 10
1.4.3 SystemArchitecture 12
1.4.4 IntegrationofEnergy-HarvestingCognitiveRadioswiththeInternet 13
1.5 AGeneralFrameworkforEH-CRsintheSmartCity 14
1.5.1 OperationOverview 14
1.5.2 NodeArchitecture 15
1.5.3 NetworkArchitecture 16
1.5.4 ApplicationAreas 17
1.6 Conclusion 18
References 18
2 LTE-D2DCommunicationforPowerDistributionGrid:Resource
AllocationforTime-CriticalApplications 21
LeonardoD.Oliveira,TaufikAbraoandEkramHossain
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 CommunicationTechnologiesforPowerDistributionGrid 22
vi Contents
2.2.1 AnOverviewofSmartGridArchitecture 22
2.2.2 CommunicationTechnologiesforSGApplicationsOutsideSubstations 24
2.2.3 CommunicationNetworksforSG 26
2.3 OverviewofCommunicationProtocolsUsedinPowerDistribution
Networks 27
2.3.1 Modbus 27
2.3.2 IEC60870 29
2.3.3 DNP3 31
2.3.4 IEC61850 32
2.3.5 SCADAProtocolsforSmartGrid:ExistingState-of-the-Art 35
2.4 PowerDistributionSystem:DistributedAutomationApplicationsand
Requirements 36
2.4.1 DistributedAutomationApplications 36
2.4.1.1 Voltage/VarControl(VVC) 37
2.4.1.2 FaultDetection,Isolation,andRestoration(FDCIR) 38
2.4.2 RequirementsforDistributedAutomationApplications 39
2.5 AnalysisofDataFlowinPowerDistributionGrid 40
2.5.1 ModelforPowerDistributionGrid 40
2.5.2 IEC61850TrafficModel 42
2.5.2.1 CyclicDataFlow 42
2.5.2.2 StochasticDataFlow 45
2.5.2.3 BurstDataFlow 46
2.6 LTE-D2DforDA:ResourceAllocationforTime-CriticalApplications 47
2.6.1 OverviewofLTE 47
2.6.2 IEC61850ProtocolsoverLTE 48
2.6.2.1 MappingMMSoverLTE 49
2.6.2.2 MappingGOOSEoverLTE 50
2.6.3 ResourceAllocationinuplinkLTE-D2DforDAApplications 50
2.6.3.1 ProblemFormulation 51
2.6.3.2 SchedulerDesign 54
2.6.3.3 NumericalEvaluation 55
2.7 Conclusion 60
References 61
3 5GandCellularNetworksintheSmartGrid 69
JimmyJessenNielsen,LjupcoJorguseski,HaibinZhang,HervéGanem,ZimingZhu
andPetarPopovski
3.1 Introduction 69
3.1.1 MassiveMTC 70
3.1.2 Mission-CriticalMTC 70
3.1.3 SecureMission-CriticalMTC 71
3.2 FromPowerGridtoSmartGrid 71
3.3 SmartGridCommunicationRequirements 74
3.3.1 TrafficModelsandRequirements 74
3.4 UnlicensedSpectrumandNon-3GPPTechnologiesfortheSupportofSmart
Grid 76
3.4.1 IEEE802.11ah 76
Contents vii
3.4.2 Sigfox’sUltra-NarrowBand(UNB)Approach 79
3.4.3 LoRaTMChirpSpreadSpectrumApproach 80
3.5 Cellularand3GPPTechnologiesfortheSupportofSmartGrid 82
3.5.1 Limitsof3GPPTechnologiesuptoRelease11 82
3.5.2 RecentEnhancementsof3GPPTechnologiesforIoTApplications(Releases
12–13) 83
3.5.2.1 LTECat-0andCat-M1devices 84
3.5.2.2 Narrow-BandInternetofThings(NB-IoT)andCat-NB1Devices 85
3.5.3 PerformanceofCellularLTESystemsforSmartGrids 86
3.5.4 LTEAccessReservationProtocolLimitations 87
3.5.4.1 LTEAccessProcedure 87
3.5.4.2 ConnectionEstablishment 90
3.5.4.3 NumericalEvaluationofLTERandomAccessBottlenecks 91
3.5.5 WhatCanWeExpectfrom5G? 93
3.6 End-to-EndSecurityinSmartGridCommunications 94
3.6.1 NetworkAccessSecurity 95
3.6.2 TransportLevelSecurity 96
3.6.3 ApplicationLevelSecurity 96
3.6.4 End-to-EndSecurity 96
3.6.5 AccessControl 97
3.7 ConclusionsandSummary 99
References 100
4 Machine-to-MachineCommunicationsintheSmartCity—aSmart
GridPerspective 103
RavilBikmetov,M.YasinAkhtarRajaandKhurramKazi
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 ArchitectureandCharacteristicsofSmartGridsforSmartCities 105
4.2.1 DefinitionofaSmartGridandItsConceptualModel 106
4.2.2 StandardizationApproachinSmartGrids 112
4.2.3 SmartGridInteroperabilityReferenceModel(SGIRM) 113
4.2.4 SmartGridArchitectureModel 114
4.2.5 EnergySourcesintheSmartGrid 115
4.2.6 EnergyConsumersinaSmartGrid 117
4.2.7 EnergyServiceProvidersintheSmartGrid 119
4.3 IntelligentMachine-to-MachineCommunicationsinSmartGrids 120
4.3.1 ReferenceArchitectureofMachine-to-MachineInteractions 120
4.3.2 CommunicationMediaandProtocols 121
4.3.3 LayeredStructureofMachine-to-MachineCommunications 126
4.4 OptimizationAlgorithmsforEnergyProduction,Distribution,and
Consumption 132
4.5 MachineLearningTechniquesinEfficientEnergyServicesand
Management 134
4.6 FuturePerspectives 135
4.7 Appendix 136
References 138
viii Contents
5 5GandD2DCommunicationsattheServiceofSmartCities 147
MuhammadUsman,MuhammadRizwanAsgharandFabrizioGranelli
5.1 Introduction 147
5.2 LiteratureReview 150
5.3 SmartCityScenarios 153
5.3.1 PublicHealth 154
5.3.2 TransportationandEnvironment 155
5.3.3 EnergyEfficiency 157
5.3.4 SmartGrid 157
5.3.5 WaterManagement 158
5.3.6 DisasterResponseandEmergencyServices 159
5.3.7 PublicSafetyandSecurity 159
5.4 Discussion 160
5.4.1 MultipleRadioAccessTechnologies(Multi-RAT) 160
5.4.2 Virtualization 160
5.4.3 Distributed/EdgeComputing 161
5.4.4 D2DCommunication 161
5.4.5 BigData 162
5.4.6 SecurityandPrivacy 163
5.5 Conclusion 163
References 163
SECTIONII EmergingCommunicationNetworksforSmart
Cities 171
6 SoftwareDefinedNetworkingandVirtualizationforSmartGrid 173
HakkiC.Cankaya
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 CurrentStatusofPowerGridandSmartGridModernization 174
6.2.1 SmartGrid 174
6.3 NetworkSoftwarerizationinSmartGrids 177
6.3.1 SoftwareDefinedNetworking(SDN)asNext-GenerationSoftware-Centric
ApproachtoTelecommunicationsNetworks 177
6.3.2 AdaptationofSDNforSmartGridandCity 179
6.3.3 OpportunitiesforSDNinSmartGrid 179
6.4 VirtualizationforNetworksandFunctions 183
6.4.1 NetworkVirtualization 183
6.4.2 NetworkFunctionVirtualization 184
6.5 UseCasesofSDN/NFVintheSmartGrid 185
6.6 ChallengesandIssueswithSDN/NFV-BasedSmartGrid 187
6.7 Conclusion 187
References 188
7 GHetNet:AFrameworkValidatingGreenMobileFemtocellsin
Smart-Grids 191
FadiAl-Turjman
7.1 Introduction 191