Table Of ContentTransportation Amid Pandemics
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World Conference on Transport Research Society
Transportation Amid
Pandemics
Lessons Learned from COVID-19
Edited by
Junyi Zhang
Co-chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of
Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation,
Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Yoshitsugu Hayashi
Chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Center for Sustainable Development and Global Smart City,
Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
Series Editors
Füsun Ülengin
Antony May
Manfred Boltze
Barghab Maitra
Masanobu Kii
Alison Conway
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Contents
Contributors xv 3. The public health challenge of
Recommendation message from the Honorary COVID-19
President of the Club of Rome xix
Saori Kashima and Junyi Zhang
Message from a bridging actor between WCTRS
and the Club of Rome xxi 3.1 Introduction 25
Preface: The journey of this book project xxiii 3.2 COVID-19 and emerging infectious
diseases (EID) 25
1. COVID-19 and transport:
3.2.1 Emerging infectious diseases 25
Recording the history of fights 3.2.2 Public health emergency of
against pandemics international concern 26
3.3 COVID-19 situation 27
Junyi Zhang and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
3.3.1 Modes of transmission for
1.1 Introduction 1 SARS-CoV-2 27
1.2 Part I: Pandemics 3 3.3.2 Timeline of COVID-19 27
1.3 Part II: Overall impacts 4 3.3.3 Risk factors of the severe clinical
1.4 Part III: Logistics and supply chains 4 condition of COVID-19 28
1.5 Part IV: Responses to distancing 3.4 Nonpharmaceutical intervention 29
policies and public transport 5 3.5 Necessity of planetary health
1.6 Part V: Recovery 7 approach 30
1.7 Part VI: Future transformation 8 3.6 Conclusion 30
1.8 Summary 9 3.7 Key messages 31
1.9 Final remarks 9 3.7.1 Key findings 31
References 10 3.7.2 Policy recommendations 31
3.7.3 Research recommendations 31
References 32
Part I
Pandemics
Part II
Overall impacts
2. Historical overview of pandemics
Hitomi Nakanishi and Yasuko Hassall Kobayashi 4. The impacts of the built
environment factors and
2.1 Introduction 15
population mobility on the spread
2.2 Case study 1: Plague (14th, 17–18th)—
of COVID-19 during its initial
Pandemic during the age of trading
and population growth 15 stage of the COVID-19 pandemic:
2.2.1 Historical background: How A case of China
long-distance travel and means
Shuang Ma, Shuangjin Li, and Junyi Zhang
of transportation evolved 15
2.2.2 Black death and quarantine 17 4.1 Introduction 37
2.3 Case study 2: Spanish flu (20th century) 19 4.2 Data and method 38
2.4 Case study 3: SARS (21st century) 20 4.3 Result 38
2.5 Discussion and conclusion 21 4.3.1 The spatial agglomeration of
References 23 RCIC and CVIV 38
v
vi Contents
4.3.2 The influence of the built 6.4 Impacts on the transport sector 74
environment on COVID-19 spread 41 6.4.1 Passenger transport 75
4.4 Conclusion 45 6.4.2 Air passenger transport 77
4.5 Messages 45 6.4.3 Passenger rail transport 77
4.5.1 Key findings 45 6.4.4 Urban passenger transport 78
4.5.2 Policy recommendations 45 6.4.5 Long-distance freight transport 78
4.5.3 Research recommendations 45 6.4.6 CEP transport and e-Commerce 79
References 45 6.5 Outlook for economic and transport
development 79
5. Impacts of COVID-19 on the 6.5.1 Economic development 79
transport sector in China: Facts 6.5.2 Transport development 81
and insights from early stages 6.5.3 The challenges in the interim
and post-COVID-19 phases 82
Huiyu Zhou, Yacan Wang, and 6.6 Summary and conclusions 84
Joseph R. Huscroft References 85
5.1 Introduction 47
7. Impacts of COVID-19 on transport
5.2 Confirmed infection cases and deaths
in China 48 and responses to pandemic
5.3 Preparedness: Lessons learned from control in the Philippines
history, guidelines, and contingency
Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan
plans of different transportation
modes and facilities 52 7.1 Introduction 87
5.4 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic 54 7.1.1 Preface 87
5.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on China’s 7.1.2 The country’s COVID-19 situation 87
economy, society, and people’s 7.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
lives 54 on the economy and transport
5.4.2 Impacts on international travel 54 environment 88
5.4.3 Impacts on transportation system 55 7.2.1 Basic economic and transport
5.4.4 Impacts on inter- and intra-city profile 88
transportation 55 7.2.2 Basic transport situation 90
5.5 During-pandemic policy measures 57 7.2.3 Consequences of the pandemic 94
5.6 Changes in lifestyles and business 7.3 Government response to mitigate
operation styles as well as society due pandemic impacts 98
to the pandemic 63 7.4 Moving forward in incorporating the
5.7 Lessons learned from the during- transport policy framework on how
pandemic measures and to address COVID-19 pandemic 102
experience 65 References 104
5.8 Conclusions, policy recommendations,
future research 67 8. Changes in mobility and
Acknowledgment 67 challenges to the transport sector
References 67 in Brazil due to COVID-19
6. Impacts of COVID-19 on the Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva, Cira Souza
Pitombo, Jorge Ubirajara Pedreira Junior,
economy and the transportation
Thayanne Gabryelle Medeiros Ciriaco,
system in Germany
and Carolina Silva Costa
Werner Rothengatter
8.1 Introduction 105
6.1 Introduction 71 8.2 Remote work and education 105
6.2 Pandemic waves 72 8.3 Impacts on transport demand 107
6.3 Economic impacts 73 8.4 Public transport services 109
6.3.1 Change of economic indicators 73 8.5 Demand control measures in public
6.3.2 State support and increasing transport 111
budget deficits 74 8.6 Positive outcomes 112
Contents vii
8.7 Future trends and policy-related 10. Urban logistics and COVID-19
challenges 113
Laetitia Dablanc
8.8 Final remarks 114
8.8.1 Key findings 114 10.1 Introduction 131
8.8.2 Policy recommendations 115 10.2 Referenced impacts of the pandemic
8.8.3 Research recommendations 115 on urban logistics 132
References 115 10.2.1 Monitoring and assessing
COVID impacts in real time 132
10.2.2 A massive acceleration in
Part III
online shopping 132
Logistics and supply chains 10.2.3 Changes and innovations in
urban freight service provision 133
9. Control and countermeasures for 10.2.4 On-demand “instant
COVID-19 in the cold chain: The deliveries” have taken center
experiences of cold chain logistics stage 134
in China 10.2.5 Warehousing developments 134
10.3 Case study in Paris: Impacts of
Taoxing Zhu and Suixin Wang COVID on urban logistics operators 134
10.3.1 The first lockdown: Extreme
9.1 Background and research on the cold
variability of orders and
chain transmission of COVID-19 121
sectorial economic difficulties 135
9.1.1 Background 121
10.3.2 Two sectorial focuses: Parcel
9.1.2 Literature review 122
delivery and instant food
9.2 Import cold chain links and COVID-19
delivery 136
invasion risk process 123
10.3.3 Logistics real estate delayed
9.2.1 Import cold chain logistics
by administrative hurdles 136
process 123
10.3.4 A summary of stakeholder
9.2.2 Possible contamination points
issues and adaptability 136
along cold chain links 124
10.4 Policy implications 137
9.3 Epidemic risk control in the cold chain 125
10.4.1 Fast and efficient responses to
9.3.1 Strictly implement epidemic
the first emergencies 137
prevention measures 125
10.4.2 Logistics omitted from several
9.3.2 Strengthening of personnel
postlockdown initiatives 138
protection 127
10.5 Changing urban logistics in a
9.3.3 Effective connection of cold
postpandemic world 138
chain links 128
10.6 Key messages 139
9.4 Epidemic prevention and control
10.6.1 Key findings 139
mechanism based on cold chain links 128
10.6.2 Policy recommendations 139
9.4.1 A perfect risk control
10.6.3 Research recommendations 140
mechanism shall be established
References 140
for cold chain logistics 128
9.4.2 Strictly follow the implementation
11. Freight operations in the European
mechanism of import and export
Union during the COVID-19
cold chain standards 129
9.4.3 Establishment of scientific pandemic: A multicountry comparison
monitoring mechanism for
Ralf Elbert, Felix Roeper, Thierry Vanelslander,
international cold chain
and Federico Cavallaro
communication of COVID-19 129
9.4.4 Development of global 11.1 Introduction 143
COVID-19 cold chain 11.2 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
cooperation prevention and on freight transport in the EU 143
control mechanism 129 11.2.1 Belgium 144
9.5 Conclusions and discussion 129 11.2.2 Italy 145
References 130 11.2.3 Germany 147
viii Contents
11.3 Government support for freight 13.2.7 Sweden 172
operations in the EU 148 13.2.8 Spain 172
11.3.1 Measures in Belgium 150 13.2.9 Iran 172
11.3.2 Measures in Italy 150 13.3 Climate and energy 172
11.3.3 Measures in Germany 150 13.4 Investment 174
11.4 Conclusion 151 13.5 Start-up community 174
11.5 Key messages 151 13.6 Automation 175
11.5.1 Key findings 151 13.7 Cooperation 175
11.5.2 Policy recommendations 152 13.8 Cluster development 176
11.5.3 Research recommendations 152 13.9 Hinterland and accessibility 176
References 152 13.10 Labor 177
13.11 Sector focus: Automative and
12. Short-run impacts of COVID-19 e-commerce 177
13.12 Research 178
on the maritime and port sector:
13.13 Conclusion: Findings and
Measures and recommended
recommendations 178
policies
13.13.1 Findings 178
Thierry Vanelslander 13.13.2 Policy recommendations 178
13.13.3 Scientific recommendations 178
12.1 Introduction 153
Acknowledgment 179
12.2 Immediate impacts of the COVID-19
References 179
pandemic 154
12.2.1 Overall perceived traffic impacts 154
14. The impact of COVID-19 on air
12.2.2 Traffic statistics 155
cargo logistics and supply chains
12.2.3 Capacity inputs and utilization 160
12.3 During-pandemic policy measures 161 Lucy Budd and Stephen Ison
12.4 Changes in lifestyles and business
14.1 Introduction 183
operation styles as well as society due
14.1.1 Air cargo defined 184
to the pandemic 163
14.1.2 The scale, scope, and pattern
12.5 Lessons learned from the during-
of global air cargo operations 184
pandemic measures, guidelines,
14.2 Changing nature of air cargo demand
and contingency plans 165
during the COVID-19 pandemic 185
12.6 Conclusion: Findings and
14.3 Supply side challenges 186
recommendations 166
14.4 Future provision and challenges 187
12.6.1 Findings 166
14.5 Messages 187
12.6.2 Policy recommendations 166
14.5.1 Key findings 187
12.6.3 Scientific recommendations 166
14.5.2 Policy recommendations 187
Acknowledgments 167
14.5.3 Research recommendations 188
References 167
References 188
13. Longer-run policy measures on
COVID-19 for the maritime
Part IV
and port sector: Plans and
Responses to distancing policies and
recommendations
public transport
Thierry Vanelslander and Patrick Verhoeven
15. Changes in activity organization
13.1 Introduction 169
13.2 Digitalization 170 and travel behavior choices in the
13.2.1 Singapore 170 United States
13.2.2 United Kingdom 170
Jaime Soza-Parra, Giovanni Circella,
13.2.3 Germany 171
and Daniel Sperling
13.2.4 Belgium 171
13.2.5 Netherlands 171 15.1 Introduction 191
13.2.6 Denmark 171 15.2 Changes in lifestyles 192
Contents ix
15.3 Changes in work habit and mobility 195 18. The impacts of COVID-19 and
15.4 Long-term consequences, planning, social distancing policies on social
equity implications, and policy capital in Japan
recommendations 197
15.4.1 Planning and equity Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano,
implications, and policy Shinichiro Nakamura, and
recommendations 198 Yoshitsugu Hayashi
15.5 Key messages 199
18.1 Introduction 233
15.5.1 Key findings 199
18.2 Data and method 234
15.5.2 Policy recommendations 199
18.3 Results 235
15.5.3 Research recommendations 199
18.3.1 Impact of social distancing
References 199
against COVID-19 on lifestyle,
behavior, and income 235
16. Social contact patterns and 18.3.2 Differences in the impact of
changes at leisure/tourism activity socioeconomic conditions on
settings during COVID-19 period: lifestyle and income 240
An international comparison 18.3.3 Impact of lifestyle changes on
social environment 241
Rui Liu, Hongxiang Ding, and Junyi Zhang
18.3.4 Change in social capital 244
16.1 Introduction 201 18.4 Discussion 245
16.2 Survey and data 202 18.5 Conclusions 245
16.3 Results 203 18.6 Key messages 245
16.3.1 Activity participation 203 18.6.1 Key findings 245
16.3.2 Social contact patterns 204 18.6.2 Policy recommendations 246
16.4 Conclusions 221 18.6.3 Research recommendations 246
16.5 Messages 221 Acknowledgments 246
16.5.1 Key findings 221 References 246
16.5.2 Key policy recommendations 221
16.5.3 Research recommendations 222 19. Restriction of public transport
Acknowledgment 222 services as a part of COVID-19
References 222
containment policies and user
responses
17. A cross-country analysis of
behavioral changes in response Takeru Shibayama
to COVID-19 social distancing
19.1 Introduction 247
policies 19.2 COVID-19 policies in the public
transport sector 248
Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano, Shinichiro
19.2.1 OxCGRT data 248
Nakamura, and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
19.2.2 Service restrictions of public
17.1 Introduction 225 transport 249
17.2 Data 226 19.2.3 Interrelations between service
17.2.1 Mobility change data 226 restriction and movement
17.2.2 Oxford COVID-19 restriction 250
government response tracker 226 19.3 User response to public transport
17.3 Methods 227 during pandemic 252
17.4 Results and discussion 227 19.3.1 TU Wien questionnaire 252
17.5 Conclusion 230 19.3.2 Changes in commuting travel
17.6 Key messages 231 behavior 252
17.6.1 Key findings 231 19.3.3 Mode choice 253
17.6.2 Policy recommendations 231 19.3.4 Reasons for changes in mode
17.6.3 Research recommendations 231 choice 253
Acknowledgments 231 19.4 Discussion and conclusion 258
References 231 References 259
