Table Of ContentSpringer Tracts in Civil Engineering
Honghua Zhao
Gangqiang Kong
Wanghua Sui
Transparent
Soil Modelling
Technique and
Its Application
Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering
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· ·
Honghua Zhao Gangqiang Kong Wanghua Sui
Transparent Soil Modelling
Technique and Its
Application
Honghua Zhao Gangqiang Kong
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis School of Civil and Transportation
for Industrial Equipment Engineering
Department of Engineering Mechanics Hohai University
Dalian University of Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Dalian, Liaoning, China
Wanghua Sui
School of Resources and Geosciences
China University of Mining and Technology
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
ISSN 2366-259X ISSN 2366-2603 (electronic)
Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering
ISBN 978-981-19-6824-2 ISBN 978-981-19-6825-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6825-9
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Preface
It gives me immense pleasure to present this book on Transparent Soil Modelling
Technique and Its Application for graduate students and professional researchers in
geotechnical engineering and granular mechanics. This book presented the latest
development in transparent soil modelling technique and more application examples
and hence can provide better reference and guidance for the further usage of this
technique.
Aim
During my Ph.D. study, I came across the concept of “transparent soil”, which trig-
gered my great interests on this topic. It is well known that natural soil is opaque, for
the geotechnical people like me, it is difficult to guess what really happened inside
the soil. What we observed commonly is only the phenomena that happened on the
surface or the boundaries of soil mass. Through embedded transducers, discrete infor-
mation can be obtained for what happened inside the soil mass, but it is not a whole
field information. There are some advanced techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (NMRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and X-Ray Computed
Tomography (X-CT) that can capture the full image inside the soil mass. However,
these techniques are sophisticated and of high cost to install and operate for daily
research activities, on the other hand, also limited in the model size. Therefore, I
devoted myself into the transparent soil modelling technique in my Ph.D. research
life from 2002 to 2007. At that time, Dr. Iskander at New York University has done a
pioneer work to advance the transparent soil modelling technique. They have system-
atically investigated several materials that can make transparent soil, compared their
geotechnical properties with the natural soil and applied digital image correlation
(DIC) to obtain the displacement field. They applied this technique to investigate
some geotechnical problems such as shallow foundation and 2D multiphase flow in
transparent soil. I have started to investigate the dynamic properties of transparent
soils of silica gel and applied it to investigate the dynamic soil-structure interaction
v
vi Preface
problem. These earlier works were compiled into the first book on the transparent
soil modelling by Dr. Iskander in 2010.
Since then, more and more research works in geotechnical engineering and gran-
ular mechanics were conducted with the help of transparent soil modelling technique.
Many new types of transparent soil materials have emerged. Three-dimensional trans-
parent soil modelling and imaging were also advanced. In China, the advance and
the application of the transparent modelling technique have achieved great success.
My group at Dalian University of Technology, the research team led by Dr. Hanlong
Liu at Hohai University and the group by Dr. Wanghua Sui at China University of
Mining and Technology have conducted research on the transparent soil modelling
technique for many years and got their research results published. Now we feel that
it is a good time to summarize these works and compile them into a new book, which
is to introduce the new development of transparent soil modelling technique to the
interested readers and enhance further applications on the related research topics in
the geotechnical engineering and granular mechanics.
Salient Features
The salient features of the book are the following:
(1) The newest transparent materials reported;
(2) The principle of digital image cross-correlation and 3D deformation field
reconstruction were covered;
(3) Detailed application cases of transparent soil modelling in pile foundation were
presented;
(4) Detailed application cases of transparent soil modelling in chemical grouting
were provided.
Organization
This book is divided into three parts.
Part I of the book deals with the subject of transparent materials, which is focusing
on the transparent soils developed till now and their geotechnical properties. It
includes six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces available different types of transparent
soils. Chapter 2 introduces the geotechnical properties of transparent soil made
of silica gel. Chapter 3 describes the geotechnical properties of transparent soil of
fused quartz. Chapter 4 describes the geotechnical properties of transparent clay of
Carbopol U10. Chapter 5 describes transparent rock, and Chap. 6 describes different
types of pore fluids to make transparent soil.
Part II of the book mainly deals with the digital image processing and 3D deforma-
tion measurement reconstruction. It includes five chapters. Chapter 7 introduces the
Preface vii
laser speckle effect in transparent soil modelling. Chapter 8 describes the 2D trans-
parent soil imaging and digital image cross-correlation methods. Chapter 9 describes
the camera calibration through neural network method. Chapter 10 introduces the
3D transparent soil modelling and deformation reconstruction.
Part III of the book provides cases on the application of transparent soil modelling
technique. It includes three chapters. Chapter 11 described the application of trans-
parent soil modelling technique in pile foundations, which covers the soil plugging
in pipe pile, soil-pile-cap interaction, the penetration mechanisms of pile foundation
and the geosynthetics reinforced stone columns. Chapter 12 described the application
of transparent soil modelling in chemical grouting. Chapter 13 describes the appli-
cation of transparent soil modelling of cylindrical object penetration into granular
materials.
Dalian, China Honghua Zhao
Nanjing, China Gangqiang Kong
Xuzhou, China Wanghua Sui
Acknowledgements
On preparation and completion of the book Transparent Soil Modelling Technique
and Its Application, I express my heartiest gratitude to my students, past and present,
I also sincerely thank my Ph.D. advisor Dr. Louis Ge who supported and encouraged
me to study transparent soil modelling topic in my Ph.D. research.
I also sincerely thank Dr. Gangqiang Kong who inspired me to write this book
and shared their research works on this topic. I also thank Dr. Wanghua Sui who
made contributions to this book. I appreciated the support from Dr. Gangqiang
Kong and Dr. Wanghua Sui who made this book possible. I also owe an enormous
debt of gratitude to my colleagues and students who helped me directly or indi-
rectly in preparation of this treatise. Research funds (Nos. 11672066, 51308091,
52027812, 51478165, 5100811, 41072237, 41472268) from National Natural
Science Foundation of China are greatly acknowledged.
ix
Contents
Part I Transparent Materials
1 Introduction .................................................. 3
References .................................................... 4
2 Transparent Sand of Silica Gel ................................. 5
2.1 Static Properties of Silica Gel .............................. 6
2.2 Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel ........................... 9
2.2.1 Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation ....... 9
2.2.2 Shear Modulus of Silica Gel ........................ 10
2.2.3 Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay, Sand
and Gravel ....................................... 15
2.2.4 Damping Ratio of Silica Gel ........................ 17
2.3 Summary and Conclusions ................................ 21
References .................................................... 22
3 Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz ............................. 25
3.1 Introduction ............................................. 25
3.2 Static Properties of Fused Quartz ........................... 25
3.2.1 Materials ........................................ 26
3.2.2 Stress–Strain Curves of Transparent Soil of Fused
Quartz .......................................... 27
3.2.3 Shear Strength ................................... 29
3.2.4 Pore Pressure .................................... 30
3.2.5 Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio ................... 31
3.2.6 Summary ........................................ 32
3.3 Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different
Pore Fluid ............................................... 32
3.3.1 Fused Quartz and Pore Fluid ....................... 33
3.3.2 Experimental Program ............................. 34
3.3.3 Testing Results ................................... 34
3.3.4 Critical State Line ................................ 38
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