Transnational advocacy networks : twenty years of evolving theory and practice

192 Pages·2018·5.786 MB·English

by  Peter B. Evans, César A. Rodríguez Garavito (editors)

12
mm
Transnational
Transnational
Peter Evans
Advocacy Networks TwTr is professor emeritus in the Department
ea of Sociology, University of California,
Twenty Years of Evolving Theory and Practice nty Ynsn Advocacy Berkeley (United States), and a senior
eaa fellow in international studies at the
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s oio Watson Institute for International
Twenty years of activism and reflective analysis have transformed transnational f En Networks
va Studies, Brown University (United States).
aind vtohcea cgyl opbraalc tSicoeust, ho, rghaanviez ataicocnusm, aunldat ende twa owrkesa. l tAhc toivf isetsx, ppearriteincucela rilny tah orsaen bgeas eodf olvinl A
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transnational networks operating in diverse issue areas. They have responded Tv
creatively to an increasingly challenging global environment, seeking to secure heooc César Rodríguez-Garavito
social justice, human flourishing, and community in ways that are socially and ry aac Twenty Years of Evolving is a founding member and director
ecologically sustainable. nd Py N Theory and Practice of the Center for the Study of Law,
r
Changing theoretical insights and research have reflected this accumulating ace Justice and Society (Dejusticia) and a
experience and contributed to the evolution of the “ecosystem” of transnational ticetw founding director of the Program on
advocacy. Well-grounded understandings of the strengths and weaknesses of past o
r Global Justice and Human Rights at the
and potential transnational advocacy strategies and structures are essential to k
s University of Los Andes (Colombia).
making these networks more resilient.
His books include Rising to the Populist
This volume brings together a set of ten essays by reflective activists who draw on Challenge: New Strategies for the Human
their experience to provide new insights into what has been happening in the
Rights Field (co-edited with Krizna
world of transnational advocacy, and by engaged academics who are committed to
Gomez) and Business and Human Rights:
using the tools of their disciplines to contribute to the same agenda. . While there
are no assurances of future success to be found in these chapters, the authors push Beyond the End of the Beginning (editor).
back strongly against those who underestimate the creativity and adaptability
embedded in the ecosystem of transnational advocacy.
Perhaps the most important lesson to be derived from the chapters in this book is
that activists cannot afford to concentrate simply on the successes or failures of
their own organizations, approaches, and strategies. They must keep their focus on
broader interconnections and the health of the ecosystem as a whole. CP
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Editors
ISBN978-958-5441-55-2
9 789585 441552

Transnational
Advocacy
Networks
Twenty Years of Evolving
Theory and Practice
Peter Evans
César Rodríguez-Garavito
Editors
ISBN 978-958-5441-56-9 Digital Edition
ISBN 978-958-5441-55-2 Printed Edition
Layout
Diego Alberto Valencia
Copy Editing
Morgan Stoffregen
Cover
Alejandro Ospina
Printed by
Ediciones Antropos Ltda.
First edition
Bogotá, Colombia, November 2018
This document is available at
https://www.dejusticia.org
Creative Commons Licence 2.5
Attribution-Non Commercial Share-Alike
Dejusticia
Calle 35 No. 24-31, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Telephone [phone]
www.dejusticia.org
Contents
Acknowledgments 7
Introduction: Building and Sustaining the
Ecosystem of Transnational Advocacy 8
Peter Evans and César Rodríguez-Garavito
Chapter 1 The Information Paradox:
How Effective Issue Creation and Information
Politics Can Lead to Perceptions of the
Ineffectiveness of Transnational Advocacy 26
Kathryn Sikkink
Chapter 2 How Does the “Network” Work? Reflections
on Our Current Empirical Scholarship on
Transnational Advocacy Networks 42
Amanda Murdie, David R. Davis,
Baekkwan Park, and Maya Wilson
Chapter 3 Transnational Activist Networks and
South-South Economic Relations 58
Kathryn Hochstetler
Chapter 4 Transnational Advocacy and Human Rights
Activism at the Global Middle 72
Louis Bickford
Chapter 5 Transnational Advocacy and Local State
Capacity: The Peruvian Ombuds Office and
the Protection of Indigenous Rights 92
Maritza Paredes
Chapter 6 “Translating” and “Editing” Human
Rights Norms: The Politics of the Domestic
Implementation of International
Human Rights Treaties 110
Enrique Peruzzotti
Chapter 7 Building and Breaking Solidarity: Learning
from Transnational Advocacy Networks and
Struggles for Women’s Human Rights 122
Cecília MacDowell Santos
Chapter 8 Rights for Real People, Networks,
and a View from Everywhere 136
Daniela Ikawa
Chapter 9 International Human Rights Advocacy
and “New” Civic Activisms: Divergences,
Contestations, and Complementarity 150
Doutje Lettinga
Chapter 10 India’s Equivocal Engagement
with Transnational Advocacy 172
Harsh Mander
Contributors 186
Acknowledgments 7

Without unstinting support from Dejusticia and the Watson Institute
for International and Public Affairs at Brown University, this volume
would never have come to fruition. Five years of collaboration between
these two institutions have enabled a series of conferences and work-
shops and have resulted in three books, of which this volume is the
third. We would especially like to thank Edward Steinfeld, director of
the Watson Institute, and Rodrigo Uprimny, Vivian Newman, Elvia
Sáenz, and their colleagues at Dejusticia for their support to this proj-
ect. Patrick Heller’s contributions, both institutional and intellectual,
have been fundamental to every phase of the project. Support from the
Ford Foundation, especially from Martín Abregú, was essential to this
endeavor and to the development of Dejusticia’s international work at
large. Margaret Keck played an important role in shaping the volume
through her participation in the May 2015 conference at which the vol-
ume was conceived. As always, Morgan Stoffregen’s professionalism
and patience were crucial to the success of the editorial process.
Introduction: Building and
Sustaining the Ecosystem of
Transnational Advocacy
Peter Evans and
César Rodríguez-Garavito
As the twentieth century came to a close, the practice of 9
global and transnational politics was undergoing a sea change. Un- cy
a
c
derstandings of its dynamics were changing along with the practice. o
v
d
Classic paradigms of international relations, which had focused almost A
al
exclusively on relations among nation-states, were being expanded to on
consider the impact of transnational civil society organizations. Rec- nati
s
ognition of the role of new nonstate actors in global politics was epito- an
Tr
mized by the impact of Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink’s Activists of
beyond Borders in 1998. Their framework is a foundational reference m
e
point for the analyses of recent and future trends that are set out in yst
s
o
this book. Ec
e
In the years since the turn of the millennium, transnational advo- h
g t
cacy practices, organizations, and networks have evolved as activists n
ni
have learned from experience and as they respond to a changing global ai
st
u
environment. Activists, particularly those based in the global South, S
d
have accumulated a wealth of experience in dealing with a range of n
a
g
transnational networks operating in diverse issue areas. New theoreti- n
di
cal understandings have reflected this accumulating experience. uil
B
The global context in which local rights activists and transnational n:
o
advocacy networks (TANs) must work has also shifted. In the years cti
u
since the publication of Activists beyond Borders, the geopolitical sys- od
r
tem has become more multipolar, presenting activists and TANs with nt
I
a more complex set of challenges. More recently, a new set of leaders,
sometimes labeled “nationalist-populists,” has become more salient.
Their agendas are the antithesis of a global rights agenda. As César
Rodríguez-Garavito (2017b,13) puts it, “the nationalist populism that
is proliferating across the world and threatening human rights can be
understood as an effort to reduce and harden the definition of ‘us’ and
to expand the definition of ‘they.’” These leaders attack TANs in or-
der to delegitimize local advocacy groups and to justify governments’
infringements on local rights (Rodríguez-Garavito and Gomez 2018).
The emergence of nationalist-populist leaders makes a clear-eyed
analysis of the strategies and structures of TANs even more crucial.
Well-grounded understandings of the strengths and weaknesses of
past and potential TAN strategies and structures are essential to mak-
ing these networks more resilient. Analysis of how variations in issue
characteristics, organizational features, and political environments
contribute to the ability of transnational advocacy to connect interna-
tional and domestic actors and influence outcomes has become more
analytically sophisticated. This analytical work, like the work of the
activists themselves, must continue.
This volume brings together a set of ten essays by reflective activ-
10
ists who draw on their experience to provide new insights into what
o
vit has been happening in the world of transnational advocacy, and by
a
ar engaged academics who are committed to using the tools of their disci-
G
z- plines to contribute to the same agenda. The essays reflect not only the
e
u
g views of individual authors but also the collective dialogue among the
rí
d
o authors at the workshop where the papers were originally presented
R
ar in the spring of 2015.1
s
é
C While “advocacy” might include activities promoting any cause or
d
an point of view, this volume follows the main currents of the literature
s
an on transnational activism by focusing on advocacy that has emanci-
v
E
r patory aims, seeking to secure social justice, human flourishing, and
e
Pet community in ways that are socially and ecologically sustainable. The
human rights movement is the archetypal example, but movements
aimed at securing dignified livelihoods, preventing the destruction of
the nature on which all human flourishing depends, and providing all
individuals and communities with a voice in the decisions that affect
their lives all fall under our definition of advocacy.
In this introductory chapter, we highlight three themes that, in
combination, illuminate the evolution of transnational advocacy. We
start out by emphasizing that transnational advocacy must be seen as
an ecology of organizations, networks, practices, and strategies. The
changing relation between states and transnational advocacy is the sec-
ond theme that helps illuminate the twenty-first century evolution of
transnational advocacy. In the classic late twentieth-century vision of
transnational advocacy, states were, above all, targets. In Keck and Sik-
kink’s iconic “boomerang model,” however, states also served as allies,
channeling demands frustrated at the national level. Both of these roles
are now being reconsidered.
1 The workshop, organized by Dejusticia and the Watson Institute for Inter-
national and Public Affairs, was held at Brown University from April 30 to May
2, 2015.