Table Of ContentTransmitting Rights
Transmitting Rights
InternationalOrganizationsandtheDiffusionof Human
RightsPractices
BRIAN GREENHILL
1
3
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CONTENTS
ListofFiguresandTables vii
Acknowledgments ix
1.Introduction 1
1.1. GLOBALIZATIONANDHUMANRIGHTS 1
1.2.IGOS:SOMEBACKGROUND 5
1.3.IGOSASNORMTRANSMITTERS 10
1.4.EMPIRICALSTRATEGY(ANDPLANFORTHEBOOK) 14
2.NetworksofInfluence 22
2.1.STAGE1:ESTABLISHINGTHEHUMANRIGHTSCULTUREOFTHEIGO 25
2.2.STAGE2:DEFININGTHEIGOCONTEXTOFTHESTATE 34
2.3.STAGE3:INTERNALIZINGTHENORMS 38
2.4.NEXTSTEPS:COLLECTINGEVIDENCEOFDIFFUSION 54
3.DemonstratingDiffusion 59
3.1. INTRODUCTION 59
3.2.THEDATA 60
3.3.RESULTS 72
3.4.ADETAILEDDRILL-DOWN 82
3.5.TAKINGSTOCK 90
4.StateandIGOCharacteristics 92
4.1.SHAPINGTHEHUMANRIGHTSCULTURE 93
4.2.IGOCHARACTERISTICS 101
v
vi contents
4.3.RECEIVEREFFECTS 105
4.4.DISCUSSION 111
5.GayRightsandWomen’sRights 117
5.1. VARIATIONAMONGRIGHTS 117
5.2.DATAANDMETHODS 121
5.3.RESULTS 128
5.4.DISCUSSION 134
6.CauseorEffect? 137
6.1. INTRODUCTION 137
6.2.IGOSANDHUMANRIGHTSCONDITIONS 138
6.3.METHODS 141
6.4.RESULTS 151
6.5.DISCUSSION 156
7.Conclusions 160
7.1. LESSONSLEARNED 160
7.2. IMPLICATIONSFORIRTHEORY 163
AppendixMethodsAppendix 167
A.1.DIFFUSIONSIMULATIONS 167
A.2.CROSS-VALIDATION 169
Notes 173
Bibliography 183
Index 191
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figures
1.1 TotalnumberofIGOsbyyear,1815–2005 2
2.1 Thethree-stagemodelofnormtransmission 23
2.2 Hungary’smostcloselyconnectedIGOpartnersin1985and
2005 36
3.1 PatternsofIGOmembershipin2005 61
3.2 SpatialandtemporaltrendsinthePhysicalIntegrityRights
Index 63
3.3 Networkofstateswithvaluededges 66
3.4 BipartitenetworkinvolvingstatesandIGOs 67
3.5 VariationovertimeintheglobalmeanofIGOContext 69
3.6 FirstdifferencesplotforthevariablesincludedinModel1 74
3.7 LagdistributionofIGOContextinModel1 75
3.8 DescriptivestatisticsforBahrain 83
3.9 Bahrain’stotalIGOmemberships,1981–2005 85
3.10 Bahrain’sshiftingIGOmemberships,1981–2005 86
3.11 Bahrain’sIGOContextcalculatedwithandwithoutpost-1981
changesinIGOmembership 87
3.12 RelativeinfluenceofBahrain’sinfluentialIGOpartners 88
3.13 PIRScoresofBahrain’sfivemostinfluentialIGOpartners 89
4.1 AccountingforGDPinsettingthehumanrightsculturesof
theIGOs 95
4.2 AccountingforGDPinestimatingthehumanrightscultures
oftheIGOs 97
4.3 Tippingpointmodels 99
4.4 VaryingthetypesofIGOsincludedintheanalysis 104
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viii list of figures and tables
4.5 Interactionwithvariouscharacteristicsofthereceiver
states 108
4.6 Comparingacrosstheconditioningvariables 110
5.1 Policiestowardshomosexualityin1950and2010 118
5.2 Trendsinwomen’srightsscoresamongallcountriesinthe
data 125
5.3 EffectthatvariationovertherangeofIGOcontexthasonthe
relevantoutcomevariable 129
6.1 SouthAfrica’sIGOties,1965–2005 139
6.2 Transitivityinsocialnetworks 145
6.3 PositionsofcountriesA,B,C,andDinahypothetical
2-dimensionallatentspace 146
6.4 Pointestimatesand95%credibleintervalsoftheestimatesof
eachcoefficientintheyear-specificmodels 152
A.1 Simplediffusionsimulations 168
A.2 Four-foldcross-validationprocedure 170
Tables
2.1 IGOsconcernedwithcommodityexports 30
3.1 Modelsofphysicalintegrityrights 73
4.1 Correlationsamongtheconditioningvariables 111
✓ ✗
4.2 Evidencethatisconsistentwith( )orthatchallenges( )
eachofthecausalmechanismsdiscussedinChapter2 112
5.1 Modelsofgayrightsandwomen’srights 127
5.2 Out-of-samplepredictivepowerofmodelsthatreplaceIGO
Contextwithalternativespatiallags 132
6.1 StatesthatleftprominentIGOsintheperiod1991–2000 141
6.2 ExtractoftheMembershipmatrixfor1991 142
6.3 ExtractoftheNewJoinersmatrixfor1991 143
6.4 ExtractoftheIGOFlowsmatrixfor1991 143
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book emerged out of the PhD dissertation I wrote in the Political
SciencedepartmentattheUniversityofWashingtonbetween2005and
2010.Dealingwiththeupsanddownsofdissertationresearchcanbean
emotionallyexhaustingexperience,butIwasluckyenoughtohavetwoof
themostsupportivedissertationadvisorsIcouldhavewishedfor,Aseem
PrakashandMikeWard.AseemandMikejointlychairedmycommittee
andplayedanextremelyimportantroleinshapingtheideasandanalysis
inwhatwouldbecomethisbook.Iamalsoverygratefulforthehelpthat
theothermembersofmydissertationcommittee—JimCaporaso,Rachel
CichowskiandPeterHoff—wereabletogivemeindevelopingtheseideas
andsharpeningtheargument.
AtDartmouthIhavebenefitedgreatlyfrommanylengthydiscussions
on this project with my colleagues in the Government Department. I
wouldespeciallyliketothankSteveBrooksandBenValentinonotonly
for their help with developing the arguments in the book, but also for
spending so much time guiding me through the many steps involved in
bringing this project to completion. In the spring of 2014, Dartmouth’s
DickeyCenterforInternationalUnderstandingsponsoredaworkshopon
my manuscript that came to play a crucial role in bringing this project
to completion. Jon Pevehouse and Beth Simmons generously agreed
to serve as my external discussants, while the Dartmouth delegation
includedSteveBrooks,JohnCarey,JeffFriedman,JoshKertzer,Jennifer
Lind, Daryl Press, Ben Valentino, Bill Wohlforth, and Chris Wohlforth.
All of the participants took the time to carefully read an early draft of
the manuscript and provided me with extremely useful comments and
suggestions.
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