Table Of ContentTranslational Immunology
TRANSLATIONAL AUTOIMMUNITY,
VOL. 1
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Translational Immunology
TRANSLATIONAL
AUTOIMMUNITY,
VOL. 1
Etiology of Autoimmune Diseases
Edited by
Nima Rezaei
Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine;
Head, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Founding President,
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),
Tehran, Iran
Editorial Assistant
Niloufar Yazdanpanah
Managing Director, Network of Immunity in Infection,
Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA),
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, (USERN); and School of Medicine,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran
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Dedication
This book would not have been possible without continuous encouragement by my family.
I wish to dedicate it to my daughters, Ariana and Arnika, with the hope that we learn
enough from today to make a brighter future for the next generation.
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Contents
Contributors xi 4 Conclusion 40
Preface xv References 41
Series editor biography xvii
4. T cell recognition of neoepitopes
Acknowledgment xix
in autoimmunity
Abbreviations xxi
Eddie A James
1 Introduction 47
1. Introduction on translational 2 The mystery of lost tolerance in
autoimmunity 49
autoimmunity: From bench to bedside
3 Determinant spreading in autoimmune disease 49
Nima Rezaei and Niloufar Yazdanpanah 4 Neoepitopes as a challenge to immune tolerance 51
5 T cell recognition of citrullinated neoepitopes in
1 Introduction 1
rheumatoid arthritis 53
2 Autoimmune disorders 2
6 T cell recognition of deamidated neoepitopes in
3 Pathogenesis and mechanisms of autoimmune
CD 53
diseases 3
7 T cell recognition of neo-antigens in T1D 53
4 Predisposing factors 4
8 Prospects for diagnostic detection of neoepitope
5 Role of genetics 5
specific T cell responses 55
6 Obstacles in treatment 6
9 Conclusion 56
7 Diagnostic tools 7
References 56
8 Role of innate immunity 8
9 Conclusion 8
5. Role of Th1 and Th2 in autoimmunity
References 9
Giacomo Ramponi, Enrico Brunetta, and Marco Folci
2. Autophagy in autoimmunity
1 Introduction 62
Ting Gan and Xu-jie Zhou 2 Th1 and Th2 generation 65
3 Th1 and Th2 response in health 69
1 Introduction 13
4 Breakdown of tolerance: Autoimmunity and
2 An overview of autophagy 14
allergy 75
3 Autophagy in immunity 15
5 Conclusion 79
4 Autophagy in autoimmune diseases 20
References 80
5 Conclusion 25
References 26
6. Role of Th17 cell in tissue inflammation
and organ-specific autoimmunity
3. Immunometabolism and autoimmunity
Rajdeep Dalal, Srikanth Sadhu, and Amit Awasthi
Valentina Pucino
1 Introduction 94
1 Introduction 31
2 Differentiation of IL-17-producing Th17 cells 95
2 Immunometabolism in homeostasis 32
3 Amplification of Th17 cells 97
3 Immunometabolism in autoimmunity 36
4 Stabilization of Th17 cells 98
vii
viii Contents
5 Transcriptional regulation of Th17 cells 99 10. The role of type III interferons
6 Regulators of Th17 cells 102 in systemic autoimmune
7 Small molecules inhibitor of Th17 cells 104
diseases
8 Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of
autoimmune diseases 105 Mauricio Mora-Ramírez and Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra
9 Conclusion 111
1 Introduction 199
References 115
2 The type III interferon family 200
3 Production of type III interferons 200
7. Peptide editing and its modulation
4 Response of target cells to type III
in CD4+ T cell tolerance to self
interferons 201
Miguel Álvaro-Benito 5 Potential association between interferons and
autoimmunity 203
1 Introduction 124 6 Type III interferons in systemic lupus
2 Cellular adaptive immunity in health and erythematosus 204
disease 124 7 Type III interferons in Sjögren syndrome 206
3 Tolerance mechanisms: training lymphocytes 8 Type III interferons in rheumatoid arthritis 207
for a proper self and non-self 9 Type III interferons in antiphospholipid
recognition 130 syndrome 208
4 Peptide editing in the targets of organ-specific 10 Type III interferons in systemic sclerosis 208
autoimmune diseases 136 11 Conclusion 209
5 Conclusion 137 References 209
References 138
11. Regulation of immunological
8. Innate lymphoid cells in autoimmune
tolerance and human autoimmunity
diseases
by NF-κB
Vijay Kumar
Matthew C. Cook
1 Introduction 144
1 Introduction 214
2 ILCs as crucial components of the mammalian
2 Immunological tolerance 220
immune system 147
3 ILCs in ADs 155 3 Monogenic NF-κB defects and human
autoimmunity 223
4 Conclusion 163
4 Conclusion 227
References 164
References 230
9. Autoimmune diseases and the role
12. Micro RNA, circular RNA,
of Toll-like receptor-7 and -9 signaling
neutrophils, and myeloperoxydases
cascades
in autoimmune diseases
Emma J. Keller, Neeva B. Patel, and Trine N. Jorgensen
Melek Kechida and Syrine Daadaa
1 Introduction 177
2 Toll-like receptors 178 1 Introduction 235
3 Autoimmune disorders with a role for TLR7 or 2 Micro ribonucleic acids (MicroRNAs) 236
TLR9 180 3 Circular RNAs 238
4 Manipulation of TLR7 and TLR9-induced 4 Neutrophils 241
signaling 186 5 Myeloperoxidase in autoimmune diseases 245
5 Conclusion 190 6 Conclusion 247
References 190 References 247
Contents ix
13. Human leukocyte antigen and 16. Role of free radicals in autoimmune
autoimmunity diseases
Sally Elfishawi and Mohanad Elfishawi Haseeb Ahsan, Mohammad Yusuf Hasan, and Rizwan Ahmad
1 Introduction 255 1 Introduction 318
2 HLA genetic organization and protein 2 Pathophysiology of free radicals 319
structure 256 3 Inflammation and autoimmune diseases 319
3 Autoimmune HLA disease association 257 4 Rheumatoid arthritis 320
4 Mechanisms involved in HLA-mediated 5 Systemic lupus erythematosus 321
autoimmune pathology 258 6 Conclusion 323
5. Conclusion 262 References 323
References 262
17. Immunological tolerance and
14. HLA-G-mediated immunological autoimmunity
tolerance and autoimmunity
Adrian Zelada Valdes
Hui-Hui Xu, Aifen Lin, and Wei-Hua Yan
1 Introduction 326
1 Introduction 266 2 Central tolerance of T cells and autoimmunity 326
2 Genetic variation of HLA-G gene 266 3 Peripheral T cell tolerance and autoimmunity 335
3 Molecular structure of HLA-G 268 4 Central B cell tolerance and autoimmunity 339
4 HLA-G expression regulation 269 5 Peripheral B cell tolerance and autoimmunity 340
5 HLA-G and receptor signaling pathways 271 6 Conclusion 340
6 HLA-G and autoimmunity 274 References 341
7 Implication of HLA-G-mediated immune
tolerance in autoimmunity 280 18. Construction of bioscore for detection
8 Conclusion 282 of self-tolerance failure: From analysis of
References 282
silicosis cases
15. The immune system and the Suni Lee, Shoko Yamamoto, Yurika Shimizu, Bandaru Srinivas,
Nagisa Sada, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Tatsuo Ito, Yasumitsu
microbiota: The two sides of mucosal Nishimura, Masayasu Kusaka, Kozo Urakami, and Takemi Otsuki
tolerance
1 Introduction 348
Claudio Costantini
2 Effects of silica particles on human
immune cells 350
1 Introduction 297
3 Generating a bioscore/autoimmune score to detect
2 Microbiota 298
early dysregulation of autoimmunity 352
3 Mucosal immune system 300
4 Conclusion 354
4 Mucosal tolerance 300
References 354
5 Mechanisms of mucosal tolerance toward
commensal bacteria 301
6 Tolerance breaking at the mucous membranes Index 357
and autoimmune diseases 309
7 Conclusion 310
References 311
