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Transitive Nouns and Adjectives
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OXFORD STUDIES IN DIACHRONIC AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
general editors:AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts,UniversityofCambridge
advisory editors:CynthiaAllen,AustralianNationalUniversity;RicardoBermúdez-Otero,
University of Manchester; Theresa Biberauer, University of Cambridge; Charlotte Galves,
University of Campinas; Geoff Horrocks, University of Cambridge; Paul Kiparsky, Stanford
University;AnthonyKroch,UniversityofPennsylvania;DavidLightfoot,GeorgetownUniversity;
GiuseppeLongobardi,UniversityofYork;GeorgeWalkden,UniversityofKonstanz;DavidWillis,
UniversityofCambridge
recently published in the series
18
VerbMovementandClauseStructureinOldRomanian
VirginiaHillandGabrielaAlboiu
19
TheSyntaxofOldRomanian
EditedbyGabrielaPanaˇDindelegan
20
GrammaticalizationandtheRiseofConfigurationalityinIndo-Aryan
UtaReinöhl
21
TheRiseandFallofErgativityinAramaic
CyclesofAlignmentChange
EleanorCoghill
22
PortugueseRelativeClausesinSynchronyandDiachrony
AdrianaCardoso
23
Micro-changeandMacro-changeinDiachronicSyntax
EditedbyEricMathieuandRobertTruswell
24
TheDevelopmentofLatinClauseStructure
AStudyoftheExtendedVerbPhrase
LievenDanckaert
25
TransitiveNounsandAdjectives
EvidencefromEarlyIndo-Aryan
JohnJ.Lowe
Foracompletelistoftitlespublishedandinpreparationfortheseries,seepp.396–8
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Transitive Nouns
and Adjectives
Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan
JOHN J. LOWE
1
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3
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Contents
Seriespreface viii
Acknowledgements ix
Listofabbreviations x
. Introduction
. Transitivity
.. Thetheoreticalproblem
.. Lexical-FunctionalGrammar
.. Definingtransitivity
.. TransitivityinearlyIndo-Aryan
. Subject-andsituation-orientednouns,andnon-finiteverbforms
.. Typology
.. EarlyIndo-Aryan
.. Formalanalysis
. Transitivenounsandadjectives
. EarlyIndo-Aryan
.. RigvedicSanskrit
.. VedicProse
.. EpicSanskrit
.. Pa¯li
. Conclusion
. RigvedicSanskrit
. Stemsin-(¯ı)yas-/-is..tha-
. Reduplicatedstemsin-i-
. Formationsin-nú-
.. Stemsin-(i)tnú-/-(i)snú-
.. Participlesextendedby-nú-
. Rootnouns
. Stemsin-áni-
. Stemsin-a-
. Stemsin-ín-
. Combinedfiguresforsmallercategories
. Stemsin-tr.-
. Isolatedforms
. Statisticsforsubject-orientedformations
. Situation-orientednouns
. Adpositionalforms
. Conclusion
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vi Contents
. VedicProse
. LinguisticdevelopmentsinVedicProse
. -tr.-
. -ín-
. -uka-
. -snú-
. Isolatedforms
.. -van-
.. Desiderative-u-
.. Adpositionalforms
.. Situation-orientednouns
. Conclusion
. EpicSanskrit
. LinguisticdevelopmentsinEpicSanskrit
. -tr.-
. Desiderative-u-
. -in-
. -aka-
. -(i)snu-
. anuvrata-
. arha-
. Subject-orienteddata
. Pastparticiples
. Situation-orientednouns
.. Desiderative-a¯-
.. pu¯ja¯-
.. -ana-
. Adpositionalforms
. Conclusion
. Pa¯li
. LinguisticfeaturesofPa¯li
. -tar-
. -aka-
. -in-
. -ana-
. Otherforms
. Conclusion
. Diachrony
. Pre-Indo-Aryandevelopments
. DevelopmentswithinearlyIndo-Aryan
. ComparisonwithPa¯n.ini
. LatemiddletomodernIndo-Aryan
. Conclusion
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Contents vii
. Typologicalandtheoreticalimplications
. Typologicalimplications
. Theoreticalimplications
. Conclusion
Appendix:Datalists
References
Indexlocorum
Indexauctorum
Indexverborum
Subjectindex
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Series preface
Modern diachronic linguistics has important contacts with other subdisciplines,
notably first-language acquisition, learnability theory, computational linguistics,
sociolinguisticsandthetraditionalphilologicalstudyoftexts.Itisnowrecognizedin
thewiderfieldthatdiachroniclinguisticscanmakeanovelcontributiontolinguistic
theory,tohistoricallinguisticsandarguablytocognitivesciencemorewidely.
Thisseriesprovidesaforumforworkinbothdiachronicandhistoricallinguistics,
includingworkonchangeingrammar, sound, andmeaningwithinandacrosslan-
guages; synchronicstudiesoflanguagesinthepast; anddescriptivehistoriesofone
or more languages. It is intended to reflect and encourage the links between these
subjectsandfieldssuchasthosementionedabove.
The goal of the series is to publish high-quality monographs and collections of
papersindiachroniclinguisticsgenerally,i.e.studiesfocussingonchangeinlinguistic
structure,and/orchangeingrammars,whicharealsointendedtomakeacontribu-
tiontolinguistictheory,bydevelopingandadoptingacurrenttheoreticalmodel,by
raisingwiderquestionsconcerningthenatureoflanguagechange,orbydeveloping
theoreticalconnectionswithotherareasoflinguisticsandcognitivescienceaslisted
above.Thereisnobiastowardsaparticularlanguageorlanguagefamily,ortowardsa
particulartheoreticalframework;workinalltheoreticalframeworks,andworkbased
onthedescriptivetraditionoflanguagetypology,aswellasquantitativelybasedwork
usingtheoreticalideas,alsofeatureintheseries.
AdamLedgewayandIanRoberts
UniversityofCambridge
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Acknowledgements
Thisworkhasbenefittedfromthesupportandinputofmanypeople.Myworkonthis
topicbeganduringmyEarlyCareerResearchFellowship,fundedbytheLeverhulme
Trust(ECF-2012–081),duringwhichtimeIwasalsofortunatetoholdaPostdoctoral
FellowshipatChristChurch,Oxford.Iwasenabledtocontinueandcompletethework
thankstogenerousfundingfromtheJillHartFundforIndo-IranianPhilologyatthe
UniversityofOxford.ForthisIamexceedinglygratefultothecommitteeofthefund.
Parts of this work have been presented at the Indo-Iranian and Indo-European
conference,21June2014atWolfsonCollege,Oxford,the225thmeetingoftheAmer-
icanOrientalSociety, NewOrleans, 16March2015, theWorldSanskritConference,
Bangkok, Thailand, 28 June 2015, and the Comparative Philology Seminar, Oxford,
14June2016.Iamverygratefultotheaudiencesatallthesepresentations;theircom-
mentsandinsightshaveresultedinnumerousimprovementstothefinalwork.
Asever,IammostparticularlygratefultoElizabethTucker,whohasalwaysbeen
verygenerouswithhertimeandwhoseinsightshavebeeninvaluabletomethrough-
outmyworkonthistopic. JohnBrockingtonkindlyloanedmeacopyofhisthesis,
andprovidedmewithawealthofrelevantinformationforEpicSanskrit. Stephanie
JamisonkindlyprovidedhernotesoncertainRVpassages. Iamalsoevergratefulto
AndreasWilliandAditiLahiri,fortheirinputandassistanceinvariouswaysoverthe
lastfewyears. IalsothankJuliaSteer,andallthoseengagedonthisworkat/through
OUP,fortheirhelpduringthepublishingprocess.
Mostofall,IamsoverygratefulforandtomywifeHelenforherlove,support,and
encouragement,toHenryforallthefun,andtoallmywiderfamilyfortheirloveand
helpalongtheway.
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