Table Of ContentTransistor
Electronics
Karl-Heinz Rumpf/Manfred Pulvers
Use of Semiconductor Components In Switching Operations
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD · LONDON · EDINBURGH
NEW YORK · PARIS · FRANKFURT
VEB VERLAG TECHNIK
BERLIN
Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford
4 & 5 Fitzroy Square, London W.l
Pergamon Press (Scotland) Ltd., 2 & 3 Teviot Place, Edinburgh 1
Pergamon Press Inc., 122 East 55th St., New York 22, N.Y.
Pergamon Press GmbH, Kaiserstrasse 75, Frankfurt-am-Main
Copyright © 1965 VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin
First German Edition 1964
First English Edition 1965
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 65-11807
2159
Preface
In recent years electronic equipment has entered almost all industries,
and electronics now aids the automation of both individual manufac-
turing processes and complete production plants of the most diverse
branches of industry. Automatic electronic computers are increasingly
used in science and industry. The importance of electronics to commu-
nication engineering has been known for a long time. All in all, its
many and various possibilities hardly allow an exhaustive review of
the different fields of application to be given.
At present, the concept of electronics differs widely and a standard,
acceptable definition is still missing: Without pretending to give an
obligatory definition, the concept of electronics comprises, in the
present book, all installations enabling digital switching, control and
regulation processes without the use of metallic contacts. This is an
extremely extensive scope, for only broadcasting, television, ampli-
fier and measuring techniques are to be separately considered in ac-
cordance with the given definition.
This book deals with semiconductor components as well as their ele-
mentary circuits in that this is necessary within the above definition.
It is assumed that the reader is already well acquainted with the basis
of semiconductor components, and has some previous knowledge of
mathematics.
The treatment of the components themselves covers some fundamental
data and their function in switching operations. As specifications
are readily supplied by manufacturers, a catalogued arrangement of
data has been abandoned.
Proceeding from one switching step, the consideration of elementary
circuits is based on uniform aspects- A dimensioning method for imme-
diate use in practice is derived and illustrated by examples. Special
importance is attached to the description of a few standardized ele-
mentary circuits which are, however, of universal application.
5
Some typical assemblies serve to show the application of elementary
circuits. By abandoning individual circuit development it is possible
to represent, clearly and distinctly, even comprehensive assemblies
by means of standardized elementary circuits and symbol circuit dia-
grams. The use of symbols and symbol circuit diagrams, at first
unfamiliar, not only helps directly to rationalize development, but
also to manufacture standardized circuit components in large quanti-
ties of a rational series.
This book, which is the result of many years of research by the
authors, is intended primarily for design and development engineers
and technicians, and also for students who wish to make Electronics
their career; in fact, it can be used as a reference wherever circuit
designs containing semiconductor components are used. It is hoped
that the book will help to widen the scope of application of electronic
devices in relieving man from monotonous and repetitive operations
on the one hand, and in increasing productivity to the benefit of the
national economy on the other.
We express our gratitude to the Publishers VE3 Verlag Technik and,
above all, to the lecturer, Dipl.-lng. Monika Strauß, for continual
encouragement during the compilation of this work and for her untiring
co-operation. Thanks are also due to Mr. Werner Stohl for his trans-
lation of the book into the English language.
Karl-Heinz R umpf Manfred P u I ver s
6
1. Fundamental Principles
1.1. Representation of Numbers
The general equation for the representation of integer positive num-
bers*
oo
a = 2 a. Bk
9en k=o k
(0*a £[B-l])
k
offers any possibility for the representation of numbers. In principle,
any integer number > 1 can be used as basis 3 of a numerical system
to be formed. The quantity of numbers representable in any selected
numerical system is infinite.
By fixing an upper limit for k, the number of digits which an integer
positive number can comprise is confined. The number N of the then
representable numbers is:
N = Bk+l.
Consequently, such a number has k + 1 digits, each of which can
assume B values. The product obtained by the number of digits k + 1
and of values B, which can assume each of the digits k + 1, is called
designation space R:
R = (k+ 1) B.
Let, for economic reasons, the basis 3 be sought, so that for a given
number N of numbers to be represented the smallest designation space
R results. Then:
k+ 1 =B| N,
og
which, after conversion gives:
B = 2.718...
= e.
") Only integer positive numbers and the figure 0 are considered.
n
Since, however, an integer number is needed for the basis B, it is
necessary to use the triadic system with the basis B = 3 as an opti-
mum numerical system, whereas in daily life the decimal system with
the basis B = 10 is more commonly used.
In a particularly simple way, and with maximum reliability, electrical
and electronic circuits can be arranged to distinguish the two operat-
ing conditions "On" - "Off":
[ circuit switched - on switched-off
relay contact closed opened
| gas discharge ignited extinguished 1
\ transistor conducting non-conducting
This is the reason why the application of both the optimum triadic
system, which, while requiring the smallest designation space, also
has the distinction of three conditions (e.g. -; 0; +), and the usual
decimal system requiring the differentiation of ten conditions, is
expensive and inexpedient for electronic circuit arrangements. Being
only negligibly less favourable than the optimum triadic system,
the binary system with the basis B = 2 requires only the figures "0"
and "L"*, to which the switching conditions "circuit switched-on"
and "circuit switched-off" can be assigned. Therefore, it is very
well suited for use in electronic circuit arrangements. Since how-
ever, it would be very expensive to convert the usual decimal num-
bers into binary ones and vice versa, codes are often used in which
an equivalent is formed for each figure of a decimal number and only
contains the values "0" and "L". Only some essentials of the many
possibilities offering themselves to the formation of codes will be
mentioned.
*) "L* instead of "1" is written in the binary system.
12
1.1,1. Decimal System
adsYi a70k
k
k-0
(Ou a ύ 9)
k
a = a 10° + α,ΙΟ1* ... + α^ϊθ"- 1* a 10n+
d 0 n
Example:
2 3 16
2376=2-703+3702 + 7-701 + 6-70°
1.1.2. Binary System
k=0
i = a 2° + a, 21 + ... + α^ 2"" 1 + a 2" +
b 0 n
Example:
L L 0 0 L
LLOOL^ l'-24 + 7-23+0·22 + 0-21 ^1-2°
= 1-76+1-8 +0-4+0-2 + 1-7-^25
13
I.I.3. Direct Tetrad Code
Value Val 0 I
of Digit 8 4 2 7 Advantages:
0 0 0 0 0 Conformance with the binary system; the
j ; 0 0 0 L sum of valences of the four digits gives
2 0 0 L 0
the value of the decimal figure.
3 0 0 L L
4 0 L 0 0
5 0 L 0 L
6 0 L L °\
1 7 0 L L L
8 L 0 0 °\
9 L 0 0 L
1.1.4. Aiken's 2-4-2-1 Code
Value Va ie/i ce
of Digit 2 4 2 ; Advantages:
0 0 0 0 °\ The sum of valences of the four digits
1 0 0 0 L
gives the value of the decimal figure; after
2 0 0 L °\ commutating each of the four digits of a
3 0 0 L L
4 binary equivalent from "0" to "L" and vice
L 0 L 0 o\
versa, the complement of the original figure
J 5 L 0 L is obtained.
6 L L 0 0
7 L L 0 L
8 L L L 0
9
I L L L L\
I Value 1.1.5. Three-Excess Code
of Digit Advantage:
I ° Vo 0 L L
7 \o L 0 °\ After commutating each of the four digits
2 \° L 0 L of a binary equivalent from "0" to "L" and
3 0 L L o vice versa, the complement of the original
4
I 0 L L L figure is obtained.
5 L 0 0 o\
6 L 0 0 L
7 L 0 L \°\
8 L 0 L \L
9
I [ι_ L 0 L£J
14
1.1.6. Biquinary Code Value i/ alence
Advantages: of Digit 5 0 4\3 2 7 0
0 0 L 0 0 0 0 L
The sum of valences of the seven
7 0 L 0 0 0 L 0
digits gives the value of the decimal
2 0 L 0 0 L 0 0
figure;
3 0 L 0 I 0 0 0
possibility of automatic control by
4 0 L L 0 0 0 0
means of two respective L values
5 L 0 0 0 0 0 L
present for each decimal figure.
6 L 0 0 0 0 L 0
7 L 0 0 0 L 0 0
8 L 0 0 L 0 0 0
9 L 0 L 0 0 0 0
1.1.7. (f)-Code Value VcT ier?c e
Advantages: of Digit 7 \4 2 1 0
The sum of valences of the five 0 \L \L 0 0 0
7 \° \o 0 L L
digits gives the value of the decimal
2 \° 0 L 0 L
figure (exception: value of digit
3 \° 0 L L 0
0 = 11);
4 \o L 0 0 L
possibility of automatic control by
5 \o L 0 L 0
means of two respective L values
6 0 L L 0 0
present for each decimal figure.
7 L 0 0 0 L
S L 0 0 L 0
9 L 0 L 0 0
1.1.8. Comparison: Binary-Coded Decimal Systems
Four digits, designated tetrads, are necessary in order to represent
each of the ten possible values of a decimal figure in the binary
system. Since, however, the figures 2°, 2 1, 22 and 23 do not give ten,
but sixteen different values, e.g. the decimal numbers 0 to 15, these
are (16-10 = 6) digits, designated as pseudo-tetrads, which are
unused during the conversion of each individual figure of the decimal
system into a tetrad of the binary system. Only three of the different
possible associations of figures of the decimal system with the binary
combinations have been considered.
15
Decimal Value of Die,l it for I
Decimal Value Binary Direct 1 Ai ken 's
Three-Excess
of Digit Digit \ Tetrad 2-4-2-7-
Code
Code Code
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 L 1 1 '<y Pseudo' Λ
7
2 0 0 L 0 2 2
3 0 0 L L 3 3 0 I
4 0 L 0 0 4 lip4 ;
5 0 L 0 L 5 2
6 0 L L 0 6 3
7 0 L L L 7 y^seudo-//^ 4 |
98 L 0 0 0 s /tetrads^/,/, 5 I
1
L 0 0 L 9 I 6 I
1 1110 L 0 L 0 7 |
I
L 0 L L 5 8
12 L L 0 0 Y//Pseudoy/ 6 9
\^etrads//
73 L L 0 L / / 7
74 L L L 0 S y\tetradsr/y\
L 15 [£_ L L L L 9 V///M
The direct tetrad code is of particular advantage to an automatic
conversion from the decimal to the binary system, e.g. in feed circuits
of electronic computers. It is, however, not particularly favourable
for computing operations themselves.
For these operations, both Aiken's 2-4-2-1 and the three-excess code
are suited and enable a simple correction of results, when a pseudo-
tetrad follows from the computation. In addition, Aiken's 2-4-2-1 code
easily permits the determination of the decimal value of a digit by
formation of the total number of digits, and this is the one reason why
it is often preferred.
16
