Transient Dynamics of Concentrated Particulate Suspensions Under Shear (Springer Theses)

102 Pages·2020·3.073 MB·English

by  Endao Han

Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Endao Han
Transient
Dynamics of
Concentrated
Particulate
Suspensions
Under Shear
Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
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Endao Han
Transient Dynamics of
Concentrated Particulate
Suspensions Under Shear
Doctoral Thesis accepted by the University
of Chicago, IL, USA
EndaoHan
JosephHenryLaboratoriesofPhysics
PrincetonUniversity
Princeton,NJ,USA
ISSN2190-5053 ISSN2190-5061 (electronic)
SpringerTheses
ISBN978-3-030-38347-3 ISBN978-3-030-38348-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38348-0
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Tomyfamily
Thegreatestobstacletodiscoveryisnotignorance—itisthe
illusionofknowledge.
—DanielJ.Boorstin
Supervisor’s Foreword
How does the flow of a simple liquid change when particles are added to it? This
was calculated by Albert Einstein in his PhD thesis over 100 years ago for small
volume fractions of particles and subsequently extended by others to increasingly
largerfractions.Theresultisthatthesuspension’sresistancetoappliedshear,i.e.,
itsviscosity,risesrapidlyasmoreandmoreparticlesareadded,tothepointwhere
all flow becomes arrested and the suspension’s viscosity diverges. Underlying this
divergence is the mechanism of jamming: beyond some critical volume fraction
there simply is no longer room for neighboring particles to move with respect
to one another and the whole suspension turns rigid, exhibiting a solid-like yield
stress.Exactlywhenthejammingtransitionwilloccur,i.e.,whatvaluethecritical
volumefractionforjammingwillassume,dependsondetailsoftheparticle–particle
interactions,whichinturniscontrolledbyaspectssuchastheparticles’shapeand
their surface properties. This type of isotropic jamming transition, controlled only
bytheparticledensity,describestheresponsetoappliedshearwhenthesuspension
is at rest. There is, however, another possibility to induce jamming, namely by
drivinganinitiallyfluidsuspensionintoarigidstate.Thistypeofdynamicjamming
occurs without any overall change in the volume fraction of particles. Instead,
it is a consequence of the fact that shear reorganizes particles into anisotropic
configurations.Theseconfigurationscanestablishload-carryingforcechainsaslong
astheparticlevolumefractionisnottoolowandtheparticle–particlecontactsare
sufficiently frictional. This thesis demonstrates how suspensions provide a model
system for investigating such jamming by shear and it describes some of the
remarkable consequences of the associated dynamic transformation that converts
afluidintoasolidinafullyreversiblemanner.
A key aspect of jamming by shear in suspensions is that the process proceeds
along rapidly moving fronts. Ahead of a front the suspension is still in its initial,
fluidstate,whilebehindthefrontthesuspensionhasbeentransformedintoasolid-
like state. The thesis breaks new ground in establishing a constitutive framework
thatrelatesthepropertiesofshear-jammingfronts,suchastheirpropagationspeed,
to the applied shear stress and strain. In treating the dynamic, effectively transient
conversion of fluid into solid, this significantly extends prior work on jamming
ix
x Supervisor’sForeword
phase transitions, which only considered steady-state conditions. As the thesis
shows, the local shear stress in the front region is set by the external stress
applied at the boundary of the suspension. This enables a completely new way of
performingstress-controlledexperiments:byusingthejammingfrontstogenerate
conditions of controllable local stress, a method is introduced that overcomes a
criticallimitationofstandardsteady-staterheology,whichcannotestablishspatially
uniform stress conditions in the interior of a concentrated suspension as jamming
is approached. Finally, the thesis introduces high-speed ultrasound imaging as a
powerful experimental technique to image propagating shear jamming fronts and
extracttheassociatedflowfield.
Asawhole,theworkdescribedherehassignificantlyadvancedourunderstand-
ing of how jamming by shear can reversibly solidify a dense suspension and how
this transformation depends on both the suspension properties and the kind of
forcing that is applied. In concert with the powerful experimental techniques that
areintroduced,thisopensupexcitingnewavenuesforfurtherresearch.
Chicago,IL,USA HeinrichJaeger
January29,2020
Acknowledgments
I want to express my most sincere gratitude to my advisor, Heinrich Jaeger, for
all the support he consistently provided over the years. Nothing that I have been
working on at Chicago could have been achieved without his insights, advice,
encouragement,andpatience.FromHeinrich,Ilearnednotonlyhowtobeagood
scientist,butalsohowtobeabetterperson.Hisinfluenceonmeisonawiderange
ofscales.
AttheJamesFranckInstitute,Iamincrediblyfortunatetohavehadthechance
to be around faculty who are interested, open-minded, and treat every scientific
problem seriously. I want to thank Sidney Nagel and Thomas Witten for many
inspiringdiscussionsandusefuladvice.Everymomentwiththemwasamemorable
learningexperienceforme.BozhiTianalwayshadgreatideasduringadiscussion,
andnomatterwhenIsenthimanemail,herepliedwithinafewminutes.Iwould
also like to thank my thesis committee members, Arvind Murugan and Stephan
Meyer,fortheirvaluableinputsonmyresearchandthesis.
IamverygratefultomycollaboratorsatChicagoandotherinstitutions.Matthieu
Wyartshowedmehowanoutstandingtheoristthinks.Workingwithhimwasboth
challenging and exciting. Patrick La Riviere provided much help when we set up
the ultrasound system, and his lectures kick-started my research with ultrasound.
YinFang,YuanwenJiang,XianghuiXiao,andJinWangopeneddoorsformethat
led to brand new research opportunities. I am delighted to have been part of this
wonderfulcollaborationbetweenpeoplewithsuchdiversebackgrounds.Ienjoyed
working with Rui Zhang, Tonia Hsieh, Swapnil Pravin, and Kenneth Bader on
variousprojects.IalsoappreciatetheexpertiseofQitiGuo,JustinJureller,Helmut
Krebs, Luigi Mazzenga, and John Phillips. They were always there when I was in
trouble.
I am particularly thankful for my labmates. Ivo Peters is a good mentor,
collaborator, and friend. I can never thank him enough for all the help he offered.
I can hardly think of a better person than Nicole James to share an office with for
five years. When I needed to work with any chemical that was not tap water, I
asked Nicole first. Scott Waitukaitis and Qin Xu provided great help when I was
an innocent rookie and had no idea what to do. I would also like to thank Victor
xi