Table Of ContentK14690 Cover 6/8/12 9:59 AM Page 1
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
Power Engineering
López-Fernández
Ertan
Turowski
TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS
ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND MEASUREMENT
Recent catastrophic blackouts have exposed major vulnerabilities in the existing generation,
transmission, and distribution systems of transformers widely used for energy transfer,
measurement, protection, and signal coupling. As a result, the reliability of the entire power ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND MEASUREMENT
system is now uncertain, and many blame severe underinvestment, aging technology, and a
conservative approach to innovation.
Composed of contributions from noted industry experts around the world, Transformers:
Analysis, Design, and Measurement offers invaluable information to help designers and
users overcome these and other challenges associated with the design, construction,
application, and analysis of transformers. This book is divided into three sections to address
contemporary economic, design, diagnostic, and maintenance aspects associated with power,
instrument, and high-frequency transformers.
TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE
• Design considerations • Links between design and maintenance
• Capability to withstand short circuits • Component-related diagnostics and
reliability
• Insulation problems
• Economics of life-cycle cost, design review,
• Stray losses, screening, and local excessive and risk-management methods
heating hazard
• Parameter measurement and prediction
• Shell type and superconducting
transformers
This book is an essential tool for understanding and implementing solutions that will ensure
improvements in the development, maintenance, and life-cycle management of optimized
transformers. This will lead to enhanced safety and reliability and lower costs for the electrical
supply. Illustrating the need for close cooperation between users and manufacturers of
transformers, this book outlines ways to achieve many crucial power objectives. Among these,
the authors focus on the growing demand for transformer miniaturization, increased transmitted
power density, and use of advanced materials to meet the requirements of power materials
running under higher operational frequencies.
Suggesting ways to redirect resources and exploit new technologies—such as computational
modeling software—this book presents relatively inexpensive, simple, ready-to-implement EDITED BY
strategies to advance transformers, improve power system integrity, reduce environmental
impact, and much more. Xose M. López-Fernández
K14690
H. Bülent Ertan • Janusz Turowski
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
an informa business New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
TRANSFORMERS
ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND MEASUREMENT
TRANSFORMERS
ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND MEASUREMENT
EDITED BY
Xose M. López-Fernández
H. Bülent Ertan • Janusz Turowski
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................ vii
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................ix
Editors..............................................................................................................................................xi
Contributors................................................................................................................................. xiii
Part I Power Transformers
Marceli Kaz’mierski and Janusz Turowski
1 Selected Problems of Transformers’ Capability to Withstand Short Circuits...........3
Władysław Pewca
2 Insulation Problems of HV Power Transformers........................................................... 31
Andrey K. Lokhanin
3 Stray Losses, Screening, and Local Excessive Heating Hazard in Large Power
Transformers..........................................................................................................................45
Janusz Turowski
4 Superconducting Transformers.......................................................................................... 95
Jan K. Sykulski
5 Challenges and Strategies in Transformer Design...................................................... 109
S.V. Kulkarni
6 Large-Shell-Type Transformers: Aspects of Design.................................................... 139
Xose M. López-Fernández
7 Transformer Design Review: A Link between Design and
Maintenance Stages.........................................................................................................175
Ryszard Sobocki
8 Life Management of Transformers.................................................................................. 191
Marceli Kaz´mierski
9 Power Transformer Acceptance Tests............................................................................. 215
Ryszard Malewski
10 Functional and Component-Related Diagnostics for Power Transformers,
a Basis for Successful “Transformer Life Management”............................................ 239
Adolf J. Kachler and Ivanka Höhlein
iii
iv Contents
11 Sources, Measurement, and Mitigation of Sound Levels in Transformers............ 265
Jeewan Puri
12 Power Transformers’ Fault Diagnostics by Park’s Vector Approach........................ 287
A.J. Marques Cardoso and Luís M.R. Oliveira
13 Transformer Reliability: A Key Issue for Both Manufacturers and Users............. 311
Adolf J. Kachler
14 Economics in Transformer Management: Focus on Life Cycle Cost, Design
Review, and the Use of Simple Bayesian Decision Methods to Manage Risk....... 325
Kjetil Ryen
Part II Instrument Transformers
Elzbieta Lesniewska
15 Applications of Field Analysis during Design Process
of Instrument Transformers.............................................................................................349
Elzbieta Lesniewska
16 CAD System-Boundary Integral Equation Method for 3D Electric Field
Analysis of Voltage Transformers................................................................................... 381
Ivan Yatchev and Radoslav Miltchev
17 Instrument Transformers’ Insulation Behavior to High-Voltage
and High-Frequency Transients...................................................................................... 399
A. Ibero
18 Transfer of HF Disturbances through Instrument Transformers.............................409
Wieslaw Jalmuzny and Andrzej Koszmider
Part III High-Frequency Transformers
H. Bülent Ertan
19 High-Frequency Transformer Materials........................................................................429
Ralph Lucke
20 Powder Core Materials.......................................................................................................447
Arcan F. Dericioglu
21 Measurement and Prediction of Parameters of
High-Frequency Transformers....................................................................................461
H. Bülent Ertan, Erdal Bizkevelci, and Levent B. Yalçıner
22 High-Voltage, High-Frequency Transformer Design.................................................. 487
Paul Lefey and Philip Devine
Contents v
23 Coreless PCB Transformers..............................................................................................505
Jesús Doval-Gandoy and Moisés Pereira Martínez
24 Planar Transformers........................................................................................................... 557
Frederick E. Bott
Preface
Historically,.transformers.have.been.designed.and.widely.used.to.transfer.energy,.and.for.
measurement,.protection,.electrical.isolation,.and.signal.coupling..Most.transformers.were.
designed.for.low-frequency.operations,.and.despite.a.long.history.of.low-frequency.trans-
former.theory.and.design,.many.stray.feld.problems.have.yet.to.be.resolved..On.the.other.
hand,.there.has.been.a.signifcant.increase.in.the.operating.frequency.of.many.switched.
mode.power.supplies.to.several.hundreds.of.kilohertz.and,.in.some.cases,.even.up.to.a.few.
megahertz..However,.in.the.megahertz.region,.several.problems.arise.related.to.both.the.
windings.and.the.standard.core.materials..Therefore,.the.recent.use.for.some.applications.
of.coreless.transformers.is.an.alternative.to.transformers.with.a.core.
In.the.case.of.power.transformers,.which.are.key.and.costly.components.in.networks,.the.
failure.of.a.single.transformer.can.have.a.major.impact.on.the.safety,.reliability,.and.cost.
of.electrical.supply..Their.maintenance.or,.more.generally,.managing.their.life.cycle,.along.
with. improved.reliability.and.reduction.of.scheduled.outages,.assumes.more.and.more.
importance.due.to.economic.compulsions..Both.users.and.manufacturers.play.an.impor-
tant.role.in.the.life.cycle.management.of.power.transformers,.and.hence.close.cooperation.
between.them.is.essential..Recent.catastrophic.blackouts.have.exposed.major.vulnerabili-
ties. in. existing. generation,. transmission,. and. distribution. systems.. Severe. underinvest-
ment,.aging.technology,.and.a.conservative.approach.to.innovation.are.being.blamed.for.
the.current.sorry.state.of.affairs..Resources.need.to.be.directed.into.technologies.that.have.
the.potential.to.improve.the.integrity.of.the.system..High-temperature.superconductivity.
has.such.potential;.it.also.has.a.positive.environmental.impact.as.it.reduces.the.losses.as.
well.as.the.size.and.weight.of.the.power.devices.signifcantly.
Interest.in.increasing.operational.frequencies.remains.alive.since.there.are.two.impor-
tant.trends.infuencing.the.development.of.transformers:.miniaturization.and.an.increase.
in.transmitted.power.density..Therefore,.power.applications.of.high-frequency.products.
comprise. transformers. in. switch-mode. power. supplies,. power. chokes,. and. electronic.
lamp.ballast.devices..The.latter.includes.transformers.for.wind.power.plants,.contact-less.
chargers.for.electrical.cars.(safety!),.and.contact-less.energy.transmission.to.robotic.arms.
(unlimited.twisting.in.all.directions).
The.demand.for.power.materials.running.under.higher.operating.frequencies.can.now.
be.met.by.highly.advanced.materials.such.as.ferrites..Metallic.powders.and.amorphous.
metals.are.also.becoming.increasingly.important.for.use.in.this.area.
Solutions.for.measuring.currents.and.voltages.needed.for.protection.and.monitoring.in.
power.systems.have.been.achieved.using.instrument.transformers..New.solutions.such.
as. electronic. instrument. transformers. (sensors). are. also. being. successfully. employed..
Because.of.their.superior.technical.performance,.current.and.voltage.electronic.transform-
ers.(sensors).are.expected.to.play.an.important.role.in.MV.systems.in.the.future..In.this.
area.of. instrument.transformers,.problems.of.propagation.of.disturbances.to.secondary.
circuits.occur.depending.on.the.design.features..While.the.principle.of.operation.of.instru-
ment.transformers.is.the.same.as.that.of.power.transformers,.the.problems.concerned.with.
the.design.are.quite.different.
The.advances. in.computational. tools.are.promoting.the.development.of.sophisticated.
modeling.software.for.the.solution.of.3D.felds.which.is.supporting.the.design.of.transform-
ers.in.the.last.few.decades..However,.these.advances.have.not.always.been.accompanied.
vii
viii Preface
by. relatively. inexpensive,. simple,. and. rapid. engineering. methods,. such. as. those. estab-
lished.for.regular.industrial.design.use.
This.book.offers.invaluable.information.for.designers.and.users.of.transformers.to.over-
come. some. of. the. diffculties. highlighted. in. the. preceding. text.. The. material. has. been.
compiled. by. an. international. group. of. experts. who. met. at. the. International. Advanced.
Research.Workshop.on.Transformers.(ARWtr)..ARWtr.meetings.are.organized.every.third.
year. to. provide. an. opportunity. for. specialists. from. industrial,. academic,. and. research.
backgrounds.to.engage.in.an.intense.exchange.of.practical.knowledge.and.the.establish-
ment.of.collaboration.links.on.new.trends.and.issues.of.high-frequency.instrument.and.
power.transformers..The.workshop.was.initiated.in.2004.in.Vigo,.Galicia,.and.was.held.in.
Baiona,.Galicia,.in.2007.and.in.Santiago.de.Compostela,.Galicia,.in.2010..The.next.work-
shop.will.be.held.in.2013.
This.book.(consisting.of.24.chapters).covers.a.wide.range.of.subjects,.including.contem-
porary.economic,.design,.diagnostics,.and.maintenance.aspects.of.power,.instrument,.and.
high-frequency.transformers.
It.is.hoped.that.this.book.will.serve.as.an.invaluable.resource.material.to.those.working.
with.transformers.
Xose M. López-Fernández
ARWtr General Chairman
® ®
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