Table Of Contenti
Transcultural Justice at the Tokyo Tribunal
© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2018 | doi 10.1163/9789004361058_001
ii
History of Warfare
Editors
Kelly DeVries (Loyola University Maryland)
John France (University of Wales, Swansea)
Michael S. Neiberg (United States Army War College, Pennsylvania)
Frederick Schneid (High Point University, North Carolina)
VOLUME 117
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw
iii
Transcultural Justice
at the Tokyo Tribunal
The Allied Struggle for Justice, 1946-48
Edited by
Kerstin von Lingen
LEIDEN | BOSTON
iv
Cover illustration: Photo of bench with female staff at the front (original caption: “Miss Mildred Rich,
secretary to Sir William Webb, is shown in the court room of the IMTFE during the Russian prosecution
Phase. 15 Oct 1946”). Courtesy of NARA, RG 238, FE 46-68261.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lingen, Kerstin von, 1971-, editor.
Title: Transcultural justice at the Tokyo Tribunal : the Allied struggle for
justice, 1946-48 / Edited by Kerstin von Lingen.
Description: Leiden : Brill, 2018. | Series: History of warfare ; 117 |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017059781 (print) | LCCN 2017060335 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004361058 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004359970 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Tokyo Trial, Tokyo, Japan, 1946-1948 | International Military
Tribunal for the Far East. | War crime trials--Japan. | World War,
1939-1945--Atrocities--Pacific area.
Classification: LCC KZ1181 (ebook) | LCC KZ1181 .T73 2018 (print) | DDC
341.6/90268--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017059781
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 1385-7827
isbn 978-90-04-35997-0 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-36105-8 (e-book)
Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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ContentCsontents v
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
List of Illustrations viii
Notes for Readers x
List of Contributors xi
Introduction 1
Kerstin von Lingen
1 Building Blocs: Communities of Dissent, Manufactured Majorities
and International Judgment in Tokyo 29
James Burnham Sedgwick
2 Sir William Webb and Beyond: Australia and the International
Military Tribunal for the Far East 44
Narrelle Morris
3 MacArthur, Keenan and the American Quest for Justice at the
IMTFE 65
David M. Crowe
4 On a ‘Sacred Mission’: Representing the Republic of China at the
International Military Tribunal for the Far East 84
Anja Bihler
5 Managing Justice: Judge William Patrick, Prosecutor Arthur Comyns-
Carr and British Approaches to the IMTFE 103
Kerstin von Lingen
6 The Soviets at Tokyo: International Justice at the Dawn of the Cold
War 124
Valentyna Polunina
7 ‘Little Useful Purpose Would be Served by Canada’: Ottawa’s View of
the Tokyo War Crimes Trial 148
Yuki Takatori
Illustrations 167
vi Contents
8 New Zealand’s Approach to International Criminal Law from
Versailles to Tokyo 182
Neil Boister
9 Burdened by the ‘Shadow of War’: Justice Jaranilla and the Tokyo
Trial 202
Hitoshi Nagai
Contents
Contents 10 Defending French National Interests? The Quai d’Orsay, Ambassador
Acknowledgements vii
Kerstin von Lingen Zinovy Peshkoff, Justice Henri Bernard and the Tokyo Trial 221
List of Illustrations viii Ann-Sophie Schoepfel
Notes for Readers x
List of Contributors xi
Introduction 1 11 In the Footsteps of Grotius: The Netherlands and Its Representation
Kerstin von Lingen
Chapter 1 at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1945-1948 242
Building Blocs: Communities of Dissent, Manufactured Majorities and International Judgment in Tokyo 29 Lisette Schouten
James Burnham Sedgwick
Chapter 2
Sir William Webb and Beyond: Australia and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 44 12 India’s ‘Subaltern Elites’ and the Tokyo Trial 262
Narrelle Morris
Chapter 3 Milinda Banerjee
MacArthur, Keenan and the American Quest for Justice at the IMTFE 65
David M. Crowe
Chapter 4 13 Loser’s Justice: The Tokyo Trial from the Perspective of the Japanese
On a ‘Sacred Mission’: Representing the Republic of China at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 84 Defence Counsels and the Legal Community 284
Anja Bihler
Chapter 5 Urs Matthias Zachmann
Managing Justice: Judge William Patrick, Prosecutor Arthur Comyns-Carr and British Approaches to the IMTFE 103
Kerstin von Lingen
Chapter 6 Appendix: The Composition of the Court at Tokyo 307
The Soviets at Tokyo: International Justice at the Dawn of the Cold War 124 Index 308
Valentyna Polunina
Chapter 7
‘Little Useful Purpose Would be Served by Canada’: Ottawa’s View of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial 148
Yuki Takatori
Illustrations 167
Chapter 8
New Zealand’s Approach to International Criminal Law from Versailles to Tokyo 182
Neil Boister*
Chapter 9
Burdened by the ‘Shadow of War’: Justice Jaranilla and the Tokyo Trial 202
Hitoshi Nagai
Chapter 10
Defending French National Interests? The Quai d’Orsay, Ambassador Zinovy Peshkoff, Justice Henri Bernard and the Tokyo Trial 221
Ann-Sophie Schoepfel
Chapter 11
In the Footsteps of Grotius: The Netherlands and Its Representation at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1945-1948 242
Lisette Schouten
Chapter 12
India’s ‘Subaltern Elites’ and the Tokyo Trial 262
Milinda Banerjee
Chapter 13
Loser’s Justice: The Tokyo Trial from the Perspective of the Japanese Defence Counsels and the Legal Community 284
Urs Matthias Zachmann
Appendix: The Composition of the Court at Tokyo* 307
Index 308
AcknowAlcekdgneomwelnetds gements vii
Acknowledgements
The idea for this volume came out of despair: when starting the research group
‘Transcultural Justice’ at Heidelberg University about war crimes trials in Asia
in 2013, surprisingly little was known about the individual national teams
which contributed to the Tokyo International Military Tribunal, especially
from the ‘smaller’ nations. It quickly turned out that only a joint scholarly
effort, pooling not only expertise but language skills, would be able to close
this gap. This book is our modest contribution, and we hope it will inspire
many other scholars all over the world to refine its findings.
We are grateful for the generous funding by the German Research Council
(DFG), which enabled a workshop at Heidelberg to bring contributors together
and discuss first drafts of all chapters in December 2015. The DFG is also to be
lauded for funding my own Research Group (see website at www.transcultural-
justice.uni-hd.de) at Heidelberg University over the last five years within the
framework of the Cluster of Excellence ‘Asia and Europe in a Global Context’.
This volume would have been largely impossible without the commitment
not only of the contributors, who assembled for this project and devoted all
their energy and academic spirit, but also much needed technical support. The
manuscript has been put together by Heidelberg-based student assistants
Raffaela Graf and Michael Dunn. It received a warm professional welcome
from the team at BRILL publishers, was taken good care of by Marcella Mulder,
and benefited greatly from the copyediting of Marianne Noble. We would fur-
ther like to thank the Stillpix section of NARA, College Park, in helping us with
the photo section and for their overall generous support, and thank Narrelle
Morris and Yuki Takatori for their valuable advice in selecting the photo sam-
ple.
There would be no story to tell about the Tokyo tribunal if not for the inde-
fatigable work of hundreds of men and women in 1946-48, in front of and
behind the scenes of a remarkable court in Japan, who have been unjustly for-
gotten. In the year of the judgment’s seventieth anniversary, we feel it is high
time to remember them, and honour their service in the pursuit of justice, pav-
ing the way for international criminal courts as we know them today.
Kerstin von Lingen
Heidelberg, October 2017
viii List of Illustrations List Of Illustrations
List of Illustrations
1 President William F. Webb (AUS) sitting at his office desk 167
2 Judge William D. Patrick (GB) 167
3 Judge Erima H. Northcroft (NZ) at his office desk 168
4 Judge Radhabinod Pal (IND) sitting at desk 168
5 Judge Bernard V.A. Röling (NL) standing at desk 169
6 Judge Ivan Zaryanov (SU) seated 169
7 Judge E. Stuart McDougall (CAN) 170
8 Judge Delfin Jaranilla (PHIL) 170
9 Judge Myron C. Cramer (USA) at desk 171
10 Judge MEI Ru’ao (CHN) standing at desk 171
11 Judge Henri Bernard (F) sitting at desk 172
12 Cramer (US) and Zaryanov (SU) laughing at a party together 172
13 Group shot of British Commonwealth Judges: McDougall, Patrick, Webb, North-
croft and Pal, 27 August 1946 173
14 All 11 Judges, formal group photo (Pal, Röling, McDougall, Bernard, Northcroft,
Jaranilla, Patrick, Cramer, Webb, Mei, Zaryanov 173
15 Group photo of Prosecutors (IPS), 22 Oct 1946: Golunsky, Comyns-Carr, Keenan,
Borgerhoff-Mulder, Mansfield, Quilliam, Chiu, Oneto, Pedro Lopez and
Nolan 174
16 Defense lawyers at table: Uzawa Sōmei; two men unknown; Aristide Lazarus;
James L. Freeman; Ben B. Blakeney 174
17 Webb reading the judgment, with Mei and Zaryanov in background, 5 Nov
1948 175
18 Party at Philippine embassy, 9 Sept 1947, guests: McDougall, Mei, Ruperto
Kangleon (Philippine Secretary of National Defense), Webb, Mrs Jaranilla,
Röling, Cramer, Jaranilla, some of Kangleon’s staff 175
19 US Congressional Party visits IMTFE, Reception, 26 August 1946 (Cramer left
and Pal right, unknown) 176
20 US Congressional Party Reception, 26 August 1946 (Röling right) 176
21 Oneto at lectern addressing in French, 30 Sept 1946 177
22 Group of judges around a table: Northcroft, Webb, Higgins, McDougall,
4 March 1946 177
23 All 11 judges seated at bench in court: Pal, Röling, McDougall, Patrick, Cramer,
Webb, Mei, Zaryanov, Bernard, Northcroft, Jaranilla, Sept 1946 178
24 IPS Group (Prosecutors) at table, with female attorney 178
25 Keenan and MacArthur taking a stroll and talking 179
List of Illustrations ix
26 Allied dignitaries at Russian Embassy party celebrating anniversary of October
revolution: Lt Gen EC Whitehead, Mrs Whitehead, Brig Gen SB Akin, Webb,
7 Nov 1946 179
27 Judges and Gen HDG Crerar (Canada): Jaranilla, Webb, Cramer, Röling, Crerar,
Bernard, Pal, Mei and Patrick, 6 Aug 1947 180
28 Courtroom with Court in session 180
29 Japanese Defendants: Doihara, Hata, Hirota, Minami; Tojo, Oka, Umezu, Araki,
Mutō, Hoshino, Hashimoto, Koiso, Nagano, Ōshima, Matsui, Hiranuma, Togo,
Shigemitsu, Satō, Shimada, Shiratori, Suzuki, Itagaki 181
30 Photo of partial bench showing judges listening, thinking, reading papers and
writing during defense’s final summation, 30 March 1948 181
x Notes for Readers Notes For Readers
Notes for Readers
For the sake of consistency for the Index, Japanese names in the notes and
bibliography appear in Western style, that is personal names first, followed by
surname.
