Transcultural Communication Through Global Englishes: An Advanced Textbook for Students

391 Pages·2021·62.587 MB·English

by  Will Baker, Tomokazu Ishikawa

Transcultural Communication

Through Global Englishes
This textbook introduces current thinking on English as a global language
and explores its role in intercultural and transcultural communication. It
covers how English functions as a lingua franca in multilingual scenarios
alongside other languages in a wide variety of global settings, and the fluid
and dynamic links between English, other languages, and cultural iden-
tities and references.
The implications for English language teaching (ELT), academia,
business, and digital communication are explored. Contemporary
research and theory are presented in an accessible manner, illustrated with
examples from current research, and supported with discussions and tasks
to enable students to relate these ideas to their own experiences, needs,
and interests. Each chapter contains activities to help students orientate
towards the topic, reflect on personal experiences and opinions, and check
their understanding. Additionally, a detailed glossary of key terminology
in Global Englishes and intercultural communication is provided.
Exploring in depth the links between Global Englishes, intercultural
communication research, and transcultural communication research,
this is key reading for all advanced students and researchers in Global
or World Englishes, English as a lingua franca (ELF), and intercultural
communication.
Will Baker is Director of the Centre for Global Englishes and an Associate
Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Southampton.
Publications include: co-e ditor of The Routledge handbook of English as
a lingua franca (2018), author of the monograph Culture and identity
through English as a lingua franca (2015), and co- editor of the book series
“Developments in English as lingua franca” (2013–) .
Tomokazu Ishikawa is an Assistant Professor at Tamagawa University’s
Center for English as a Lingua Franca, Tokyo, Japan, and a postdoctoral
member at the University of Southampton’s Centre for Global Englishes.
He has published on ELF, mainly in relation to multilingualism, language
attitudes and ideologies, and ELT.

Transcultural

Communication
Through Global
Englishes
An Advanced Textbook for Students
Will Baker and
Tomokazu Ishikawa
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 Will Baker and Tomokazu Ishikawa
The right of Will Baker and Tomokazu Ishikawa to be identified as authors
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without
intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Baker, Will, author. | Ishikawa, Tomokazu, author.
Title: Transcultural communication through Global Englishes: an
advanced textbook for students / Will Baker and Tomokazu Ishikawa.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2021. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020056687 | ISBN 9780367409364 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780367409357 (paperback) | ISBN 9780367809973 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: English language–Foreign countries. |
Intercultural communication. | English language–
Study and teaching–Foreign countries.
Classification: LCC PE2751 .B35 2021 | DDC 303.48/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056687
ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 40936- 4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 40935- 7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 80997- 3 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents

List of figures and tables ix
Preface and outline of the book xi
Acknowledgements xvi
List of acronyms xvii
Part I Core issues in understanding culture, language,
and Global Englishes 1
1 Characterising culture 3
1.1 Developing ideas of culture 4
1.2 Five perspectives on culture 5
1.3 Culture, nation, and globalisation 15
1.4 Cultural stereotypes, generalisations, and essentialism 17
2 Culture and language 22
2.1 Linguistic relativity 23
2.2 The language- culture nexus 26
2.3 Language and culture flows 30
2.4 Language, culture, and complexity theory 31
2.5 Language and culture repertoires and resources 33
3 Global languages in a multilingual world 39
3.1 Global languages and L1 speakers 40
3.2 Global languages and geography 44
3.3 Global languages and total numbers of speakers 48
3.4 Future of English as a global language 52
4 Global Englishes in a multilingual world 56
4.1 World Englishes 57
4.2 Contributions and limitations of WE 60
4.3 English as a lingua franca 62
4.4 Contributions and limitations of ELF 68
vi Contents
Part II Critical approaches to culture, language, and
Global Englishes 73
5 Cross- cultural and intercultural communication 75
5.1 Characterising intercultural communication 77
5.2 Cross- cultural and intercultural communication 78
5.3 Critical approaches to intercultural communication 82
5.4 Intercultural communication and intercultural groups 84
5.5 Global Englishes and intercultural communication 92
6 Culture, language, and identity 98
6.1 Characterising identity 99
6.2 Identity and language 100
6.3 Identity, difference, and othering 102
6.4 Cultural identity 106
6.5 Identity and Global Englishes 110
7 Language ideologies surrounding Global Englishes 119
7.1 Native- speakerism 121
7.2 Ideologies of monolingualism and Standard English 123
7.3 Ideologies of authenticity and anonymity 130
8 Multilingualism in Global Englishes 138
8.1 English as a multilingua franca 140
8.2 Mobile multilingual resources and dynamic
multilingual repertoires 142
8.3 Multilingualism in English as a multilingua franca 148
Part III Contemporary issues and domains in culture,
language, and Global Englishes 159
9 Trans theories and Global Englishes 161
9.1 The trans turn and Global Englishes 163
9.2 Translanguaging 164
9.3 Translanguaging and English as a multilingua franca 168
9.4 Translanguaging, English as a multilingua
franca, and contemporary trans perspectives 172
10 Intercultural and transcultural communication 179
10.1 From intercultural communication to transcultural
communication 181
10.2 Transculturality and transcultural communication 183
Contents vii
10.3 Transcultural education and applied linguistics 187
10.4 Transcultural communication and Global Englishes 191
11 Culture and language in digital communication 200
11.1 Characterising digital communication 201
11.2 Digital communication, languages, and
Global Englishes 203
11.3 Digital communication and intercultural/
transcultural communication 205
11.4 Digital communication, social media, and
social networking sites 208
11.5 Language, identity, and culture through digital
transcultural communication 214
12 Complexity theory, language attitudes, and
language awareness 224
12.1 Complexity theory and global communication 226
12.2 Complexity theory, Standard English, and
communicative competence 229
12.3 Language attitudes and awareness 234
Part IV Teaching and learning culture, language, and
Global Englishes 245
13 Awareness of English- within- multilingualism 247
13.1 From a monolingual construct to multilingual,
translanguaging, transcultural, and transmodal
reality 249
13.2 Social representations of English and their
implications for language attitudes 253
13.3 EMF awareness 254
13.4 EMF awareness in English-m edium instruction 259
13.5 EMF awareness in English language teaching 263
14 From communicative competence to intercultural
awareness: Intercultural awareness and transcultural
communication through Global Englishes 269
14.1 Communicative competence 271
14.2 Intercultural communicative competence 274
viii Contents
14.3 Alternatives to communicative and intercultural
communicative competence 278
14.4 Intercultural awareness 282
15 Intercultural language education and Global Englishes 289
15.1 Current approaches to intercultural education
in language teaching 291
15.2 Intercultural education, Global Englishes,
and ELT 294
15.3 Intercultural awareness and pedagogy 300
15.4 Intercultural citizenship education and
Global Englishes 305
15.5 Conclusion and summary: Towards transcultural
education 309
Glossary 314
References 328
Index 360
Figures and tables

Figures
2.1 Culture and language as interacting complex adaptive
systems 33
4.1 Kachru’s (1992) three-c ircles model 57
4.2 Mauranen’s (2012) second-o rder language contact 64
4.3 A wolf in sheep’s clothing 69
7.1 Plural monolingualism of an individual mind 125
7.2 English online lesson website (originally in Japanese) 130
7.3 Intricacies of native-s peakerism 136
8.1 Languages and multilingual resources and repertoires 145
9.1 A translanguaging sign 175
10.1 Edited photo on Facebook 195
11.1 World distribution of internet users 202
11.2 Top ten languages on the internet 203
11.3 Top ten website content languages 204
11.4 Facebook conversation 207
11.5 Social media platforms and users 209
11.6 Strasbourg desserts 216
11.7 Cowboy iPhone 220
12.1 Language, culture, and mode as interacting CASs 227
14.1 Byram’s (1997) intercultural communicative competence 276
Tables
1.1 Five perspectives on culture 13
3.1 Top five languages by numbers of L1 speakers 40
3.2 Top five languages by numbers of L1 speakers 42
3.3 Top 6– 20 languages by numbers of L1 speakers 44
3.4 Top ten languages by total numbers of speakers 49
5.1 Cross- cultural communication versus intercultural
communication 80
5.2 Five current approaches to intercultural communication
and intercultural groups 92