Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications

554 Pages·2017·32.7 MB·English

by  Scott R. Bullock

IETTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES 80
Transceiver and System
Design for Digital
Communications
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Transceiver and System
Design for Digital
Communications
5th Edition
Scott R. Bullock
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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To my loving wife, Debi;
to Crystal, Cindy, Brian, Andy, and Jenny;
and to my mother, Elaine.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxv
Abouttheauthor xxvii
1 Transceiver design 1
1.1 Frequency of operation 1
1.2 Transmitter 4
1.2.1 Transmitted effective isotropic radiated power 4
1.2.2 Powerfrom the transmitter 5
1.2.3 Transmitter component losses 9
1.2.4 Transmitter line lossesfrom the power amplifier
to the antenna 10
1.2.5 Transmitter antenna gain 10
1.2.6 Transmitter antenna losses 12
1.3 The channel 13
1.3.1 Free-space attenuation 13
1.3.2 Propagationlosses 14
1.3.3 Multipath losses 15
1.4 Receiver 15
1.4.1 Receiver antenna losses 15
1.4.2 Receiver antenna gain 16
1.4.3 Receiver line lossesfrom the antenna to the LNA 17
1.4.4 Receiver component losses 17
1.4.5 Received signal power at the output to the LNA 19
1.4.6 Receiver implementation loss 19
1.4.7 Doppler effects onreceived signal 20
1.4.8 Received power forestablishingthe signal-to-noise
ratio of a system 21
1.4.9 Received noise power 23
1.4.10 Noise figure 24
1.4.11 Received noise power at the detector 25
1.4.12 Receiver bandwidth 26
1.4.13 Received E /N at the detector 28
b o
1.4.14 Receiver coding gain 28
1.4.15 Required E /N 28
b o
viii Transceiver and systemdesignfor digital communications 5th ed.
1.5 The link budget 28
1.5.1 Spread spectrum systems 30
1.5.2 Process gain 30
1.5.3 Received power forestablishing the signal-to-noise
ratio fora spread spectrum system 30
1.5.4 Link budget example 31
1.5.5 Benefits of usinga link budget 33
1.6 Summary 33
1.7 Problems 33
Further reading 34
2 The transmitter 35
2.1 Basic functions of the transmitter 35
2.1.1 Transmit antenna 35
2.1.2 Transmit/receive device 36
2.1.3 RFpower amplifier 37
2.1.4 Crest factor 38
2.1.5 Upconverter 39
2.1.6 Sum and difference frequencies generated
in the upconversion process 40
2.2 Voltage standing wave ratio 42
2.2.1 Maximumpower transfer principle 43
2.3 Analog and digital communications 44
2.3.1 Digital-versus-analog communications 46
2.3.2 Software programmable radios and cognitive radios 47
2.4 Digital modulation 47
2.4.1 Binary phase-shift keying 48
2.4.2 Quadrature phase-shift keying 50
2.4.3 Offset QPSK 52
2.4.4 Higher order PSK 52
2.4.5 BPSKversusQPSKconstellation comparison 54
2.4.6 8-Level PSK 54
2.4.7 p/4 differential QPSK 56
2.4.8 16-Offset quadrature amplitude modulation 56
2.4.9 Phasorconstellationsand noise immunity 57
2.4.10 Continuousphase PSK 59
2.4.11 Summaryof PSKmodulations 64
2.4.12 Differential phase-shift keying 64
2.4.13 Minimum shift keying 68
2.4.14 Frequency-shift keying 68
2.4.15 Sidelobe reduction methods 71
2.4.16 Ideal shaping filter 71
2.5 Direct sequence spread spectrum 73
2.5.1 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 73
2.5.2 Spread spectrum 74
Contents ix
2.5.3 Jammer resistance 75
2.5.4 Despreading to realize process gain in the spread
spectrum system 76
2.5.5 Maximal length sequence codes 78
2.5.6 Maximal length PNcode generator 80
2.5.7 Maximal length PNcode taps 80
2.5.8 Gold codes 81
2.5.9 Other codes 82
2.5.10 Spectral lines in the frequency domain 82
2.6 Other formsof spread spectrum transmissions 83
2.6.1 Time hopping 84
2.6.2 Chirped-FM 84
2.7 Multiple users 85
2.7.1 Other methods for multiuser techniques 87
2.7.2 Orthogonal signals 87
2.7.3 Quadrature phase detection of two signals 88
2.7.4 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 89
2.7.5 Other OFDMtechniques 91
2.8 Powercontrol 91
2.9 Summary 92
2.10 Problems 93
Further reading 94
3 The receiver 95
3.1 Superheterodyne receiver 95
3.2 Basic functions of the receiver 96
3.3 Receiver antenna 97
3.4 Transmit/receive device 97
3.5 Image reject filter 97
3.6 Low-noise amplifier 99
3.7 RFdownconverter 100
3.8 Mixers 101
3.8.1 Mixer spuranalysis—level of spuriousresponses
and intermods 101
3.8.2 Sixth-order analysis 101
3.8.3 High-level or low-level mixers 103
3.8.4 High-side or low-side injection 103
3.9 Automatic gain control 105
3.10 IFdownconverter 105
3.11 Splitting signals into multiple bands for processing 106
3.12 Bandwidth considerations 107
3.13 Phase noise 107
3.14 Filter characteristics 108
3.15 Groupdelay 109
3.16 Analog-to-digital converter 111