Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia

557 Pages·1996·11.144 MB·English

by  Ronald Grigor Suny

Transcaucasia, Nationalism,
and Social Change
Essays in the History of
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
Revised Edition
Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny
Ann Arbor
The University of Michigan Press

Copyright © by the University of Michigan 1983, 1996
All rights reserved
Published in the United States of America by
The University of Michigan Press
Manufactured in the United States of America
© Printed on acid-free paper
1999 1998 1997 19% 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise
without the written permission of the publisher.
A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Transcaucasia, nationalism and social change : essays in the history
of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia / edited by Ronald Grigor Suny.
— Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Originally published in 1984 under title: Transcaucasia :
nationalism and social change.
Papers of a conference on nationalism and social change in
Transcaucasia, held at the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian
Studies, Apr. 24-25 1980, sponsored by the Kennan Institute and the
American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-472-0%17-6 (hardcover : alk. paper). — ISBN 0-472-06617-X
(paperback : alk. paper)
1. Transcaucasia—History—Congresses. 2. Nationalism—
Transcaucasia—Congresses. 3. Transcaucasia—History—Revolution,
1917-1921—Congresses. 4. Transcaucasia—Annexation to the Soviet
Union—Congresses. I. Suny, Ronald Grigor. II. Suny, Ronald
Grigor. Transcaucasia. III. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian
Studies. IV. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic
Studies.
DK509.T7 19%
947'.9—dc20 96-4588
CIP

For Mark Saroyan

CONTENTS
Transliteration and Dating ix
Introduction xi
Part 1. Caucasian Civilization and the Impact of Empires
Nina G. Garsoïan
Iran and Caucasia 7
R.W. Thomson
The Origins of Caucasian Civilization:
The Christian Component 25
Peter B. Golden
The Tlirkic Peoples and Caucasia 45
George A. Bournoutian
The Ethnic Composition and the Socio-Economic
Condition of Eastern Armenia in the First Half
of the Nineteenth Century 69
L.H. Rhinelander
Viceroy Vorontsov’s Administration of the Caucasus 87
Part 2. Nationalism and Social Change under Tsarist Rule
Ronald Grigor Suny
The Emergence of Political Society in Georgia 109
Anahide Ter Minassian
Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian
Revolutionary Movement (1887-1912) 141
Gerard J. Libaridian
Revolution and Liberation in the 1892 and 1907
Programs of the Dashnaktsutiun 187
Audrey Altstadt
The Azerbaijani Bourgeoisie and the Cultural-
Enlightenment Movement in Baku: First Steps
toward Nationalism 199
Tadeusz Swietochowski
National Consciousness and Political Orientations
in Azerbaijan, 1905-1920 211
Part 3. Revolution and Soviet Transformation
Ronald Grigor Suny
Nationalism and Social Class in the Russian Revolution:
The Cases of Baku and Tiflis 241
Richard G. Hovannisian
Caucasian Armenia between Imperial and Soviet Rule:
The Interlude of National Independence 261
Artin H. Arslanian
Britain and the Transcaucasian Nationalities
during the Russian Civil War 295
Stephen Blank
Bolshevik Organizational Development in Early
Soviet Transcaucasia: Autonomy vs. Centralization,
1918-1924 307
Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr.
Clientelism and the Roots of Post-Soviet Disorder 341
Part 4. Nation-Making and the Emergence of Independent States
Ronald Grigor Suny
On the Road to Independence: Cultural Cohesion
and Ethnic Revival in a Multinational Society 377
Mark Saroyan
Beyond the Nation-State: Culture and Ethnic Politics
in Soviet Transcaucasia 401
Nora Dudwick
Nagorno-Karabakh and the Politics of Sovereignty 427
Stephen F. Jones
Georgian-Armenian Relations in 1918 to 1920
and 1991 to 1994: A Comparison 441
Gertrude E. Schroeder
Transcaucasia since Stalin: The Economic Dimension 461
Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver
Population Redistribution and the Ethnic Balance
in Transcaucasia 481
Conclusion 507
Contributors 513
Index 517
viii
TRANSLITERATION AND DATING
The collective nature of this volume, both in the sense of its multi­
plicity of authors and in its coverage of three major nationalities and three
alphabets, convinced the editor that the best policy on the tedious and
vexing question of transliteration was to allow each author to adopt and use
his or her own system. The inconsistencies between articles proved not to
be major, and the editor took it upon himself to impose one spelling of
Azerbaijan throughout.
A similar laissez-faire policy was taken toward the problem of dating.
The authors, however, demonstrated remarkable consistency. Unless other­
wise noted, dates before February 1, 1918, which refer to events in Russia
or Transcaucasia, are given in the Julian calendar which was eleven days
behind the Gregorian calendar of the West in the 18th century, twelve days
behind in the 19th century, and thirteen days behind in the 20th century.