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transboundary harm in international law
Many harms flow across the ever-more porous sovereign borders of a globalizing
world. These harms expose weaknesses in the international legal regime built on
sovereigntyofnationstates.UsingtheTrailSmelterarbitration,oneofthemostcited
casesininternationalenvironmentallaw,thisbookexploresthechangingnatureof
stateresponsestotransboundaryharm.Takingacriticalapproach,thebookexamines
thearbitration’sinfluenceoninternationallawgenerallyandinternationalenviron-
mental law specifically. In particular, the book explores whether there are lessons
from Trail Smelter that are useful for resolving transboundary challenges currently
confronting the international community. The book collects the commentary of a
distinguished set of international law scholars who consider the history of the Trail
Smelter arbitration, its significance for international environmental law, its broader
relationshiptointernationallaw,anditsresonanceinfieldsbeyondtheenvironment.
RebeccaM.BratspiesholdsaB.A.inBiologyfromWesleyanUniversityandgraduated
withhonorsfromtheUniversityofPennsylvaniaLawSchool,whereshewaselected
totheOrderoftheCoifandawardedtheGreenPrizeforExcellenceinTorts.Shewas
namedaLuceFoundationScholarandSecondedtoTaiwan’sMinistryoftheEnvi-
ronment.Herscholarlyresearchfocusesonenvironmentalregulatoryregimes; she
isparticularlyinterestedintheinternationaldimensionsofenvironmentalregulation
andtheroleofnonstateactors.Shecurrentlyholdsanassociateprofessorshipoflawat
CUNYSchoolofLawwheresheteachesenvironmental,property,andadministrative
law.WhileonthefacultyattheUniversityofIdahoCollegeofLaw,shecofounded,
withRussellMiller,theAnnualIdahoInternationalLawSymposium.Theinaugural
symposiumgaverisetothisbook.
Russell A. Miller has degrees from Washington State University (B.A.); Duke Uni-
versity (J.D./M.A.); and Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
(LL.M.).Hewastherecipientofa1999RobertBoschFoundationFellowship.Heisa
frequentVisitingScholarattheMaxPlanckInstituteforComparativePublicLawand
PublicInternationalLaw.ProfessorMilleristhecofounderandCo-Editor-in-Chiefof
theGermanLawJournal(http://www.germanlawjournal.com).Heisalsothecoeditor
oftheAnnualofGerman&EuropeanLawandthecoauthoroftheforthcomingthird
editionofTheConstitutionalJurisprudenceoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.With
Rebecca Bratspies he cofounded the Annual Idaho International Law Symposium.
Theinauguralsymposiumgaverisetothisbook.
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Transboundary Harm in International Law
Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration
Edited by
Rebecca M. Bratspies
CUNYSchoolofLaw
Russell A. Miller
UniversityofIdahoCollegeofLaw
iii
cambridge university press
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPaulo
Cambridge University Press
TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521856430
© Cambridge University Press 2006
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof
relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace
withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublishedinprintformat 2006
isbn-13 978-0-511-24534-3eBook(EBL)
isbn-10 0-511-24534-3eBook(EBL)
isbn-13 978-0-521-85643-0hardback
isbn-10 0-521-85643-4hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls
forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot
guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
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FormyuncleDennisReplansky–
wholovedthelaw
RebeccaM.Bratspies
* * *
Tomyparents,forgivingmethegiftofthebreathtakingriversoftheAmerican
northwest.Whowouldhavethoughtthoseriversmightonedayflowoutintothe
worldlikethis?
Itpleasesme,lovingrivers.
Lovingthemallthewayback
totheirsource.
RaymondCarver,
WhereWaterComesTogetherwithOtherWater,
WhereWaterComesTogetherwithOtherWater:Poems17(1986).
RussellA.Miller
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Contents
Contributors page xi
Acknowledgments xvii
ForewordbyDavidD.Caron xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
RebeccaM.BratspiesandRussellA.Miller
PART ONE. THE TRAILSMELTER ARBITRATION – HISTORY,
LEGACY, AND REVIVAL
History
1 “AnOutcropofHell”:History,Environment,andthePolitics
oftheTrailSmelterDispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
JamesR.Allum
2 TheTrailSmelterDispute[Abridged] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
JohnE.Read
RootsandLegacy
3 OfParadoxes,Precedents,andProgeny:TheTrailSmelter
Arbitration65YearsLater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
StephenC.McCaffrey
4 PollutionbyAnalogy:TheTrialSmelterArbitration[Abridged] . . . . . . 46
AlfredP.Rubin
5 HasInternationalLawOutgrownTrailSmelter? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
JayeEllis
6 TheFlawedTrailSmelterProcedure:TheWrongTribunal,
theWrongParties,andtheWrongLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
JohnH.Knox
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viii Contents
7 RereadingTrailSmelter[Abridged] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
KarinMickelson
8 TrailSmelterandtheInternationalLawCommission’s
WorkonStateResponsibilityforInternationallyWrongfulActs
andStateLiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
MarkA.Drumbl
9 DerivativeversusDirectLiabilityasaBasis
for State Liability for Transboundary Harms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
MarkAnderson
ReturntoTrail
10 TransboundaryPollution,Unilateralism,andtheLimits
ofExtraterritorialJurisdiction:TheSecondTrailSmelter
Dispute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
NeilCraik
PART TWO. TRAILSMELTER AND CONTEMPORARY
TRANSBOUNDARY HARM – THE ENVIRONMENT
11 TrailSmelterinContemporaryInternationalEnvironmental
Law: Its Relevance in the Nuclear Energy Context . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125
Gu¨ntherHandl
12 ThroughtheLookingGlass:SustainableDevelopmentandOther
EmergingConceptsofInternationalEnvironmentalLawinthe
Gabcˇikovo-NagymarosCaseandtheTrailSmelterArbitration . . . . . . .140
JamesF.Jacobson
13 TrailSmelter’s(Semi)PrecautionaryLegacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
RebeccaM.Bratspies
14 SurprisingParallelsbetweenTrailSmelterandtheGlobal
ClimateChangeRegime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
RussellA.Miller
15 Sovereignty’sContinuingImportance:Tracesof TrailSmelter
intheInternationalLawGoverningHazardousWasteTransport . . . . . 181
AustenL.Parrish
16 TheLegacyofTrailSmelterintheFieldofTransboundary
AirPollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
PhoebeOkowa
17 TheImpactoftheTrailSmelterArbitration
ontheLawoftheSea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
StuartB.Kaye
Description:The Russian media are widely seen to be increasingly controlled by the government. Leaders buy up opposing television channels and pour money in as fast as it hemorrhages out. As a result, TV news has become narrower in scope and in the range of viewpoints which it reflects: leaders demand assimilat
