Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Computer Science 7110
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CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
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UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK
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CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
FriedemannMattern
ETHZurich,Switzerland
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StanfordUniversity,CA,USA
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WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel
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UniversityofBern,Switzerland
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IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India
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MicrosoftResearch,Cambridge,MA,USA
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UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA
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UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
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GerhardWeikum
MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany
Yun Q. Shi (Ed.)
Transactions on
Data Hiding and
Multimedia Security VII
1 3
VolumeEditor
YunQ.Shi
NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology
UniversityHeights,Newark,NJ07102-1982,USA
E-mail:[email protected]
ISSN0302-9743(LNCS) e-ISSN1611-3349(LNCS)
ISSN1864-3043(TDHMS) e-ISSN1864-3051(TDHMS)
ISBN978-3-642-28692-6 e-ISBN978-3-642-28693-3
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-28693-3
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
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Preface
Thisissuecontainssevenpapers.The firstthreepapersdealwiththe protection
of digital videos. In the first paper, Meerwald and Uhl describe an efficient
and robust watermarking scheme integrated into the H.264/SVC video coding
standard and address the coarse-grain quality and spatial resolution scalability
features according to Annex G of the H.264 standard. In the second paper,
Yamadaetal.describeanimprovedsystemforembeddingwatermarksintovideo
frames in real time using software running on an ordinary personal computer,
whichcanbeusedforaparallel-computingplatform.Inthethirdpaper,Echizen
et al. describe a method based on infrared light that can prevent videos and
movies displayed on a screen from being recorded with digital cameras and/or
camcorders without authorization.
Inthefourthpaperasecurewatermarkingschemefor3Dgeometricmodelsis
presentedbyWuandCheung,inwhichtheindependentcomponentanalysisand
orthogonal transformation matrix are utilized. In the fifth paper, Cao and Kot
measure the statistical correlation inconsistencies in mobile images for tamper
detection.Thelasttwopapersareonsteganography.Inthesixthpaper,Suretal.
presentasecuresteganographicmethodwhichinvolvesrandomizedcropping.In
thelastpaper,byZhaoetal.,asteganographicschemeinstreamingmultimedia
over networks is presented.
We hope that this issue is of great interest to the research community and
willtriggernew researchin the fieldofdata hiding andmultimedia security.We
want to thank all the authors and reviewers, who have devoted their valuable
time to the success of this seventh issue. Special thank goes to Springer and
Alfred Hofmann for their continuous support.
November 2011 Yun Q. Shi
(Editor-in-Chief)
Hyoung-Joong Kim
(Vice Editor-in-Chief)
Stefan Katzenbeisser
(Vice Editor-in-Chief)
LNCS Transactions on
Data Hiding and Multimedia Security
Editorial Board
Editor-in-Chief
Yun Q. Shi New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark,
NJ, USA
([email protected])
Vice Editor-in-Chief
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([email protected])
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seceng.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de)
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Table of Contents
An Efficient Robust Watermarking Method Integrated in H.264/SVC... 1
Peter Meerwald and Andreas Uhl
PC-Based Real-Time Video Watermark Embedding System
Independent of Platform for Parallel Computing ..................... 15
Takaaki Yamada, Isao Echizen, and Hiroshi Yoshiura
IR Hiding: Method for Preventing IllegalRecording of Videos Based on
Differences in Sensory Perception between Humans and Devices........ 34
Isao Echizen, Takayuki Yamada, and Seiichi Gohshi
Secure Watermarking on 3D Geometry via ICA and Orthogonal
Transformation .................................................. 52
Hao-tian Wu and Yiu-ming Cheung
Measuring the Statistical Correlation Inconsistencies in Mobile Images
for Tamper Detection............................................. 63
Hong Cao and Alex C. Kot
Secure Steganography Using Randomized Cropping .................. 82
Arijit Sur, Vignesh Ramanathan, and Jayanta Mukherjee
Steganography in Streaming Multimedia over Networks............... 96
Hong Zhao, Yun Q. Shi, and Nirwan Ansari
Author Index.................................................. 115
An Efficient Robust Watermarking Method
Integrated in H.264/SVC
Peter Meerwald(cid:2) and Andreas Uhl
Dept.of ComputerSciences, University of Salzburg,
Jakob-Haring-Str.2, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
{pmeerw,uhl}@cosy.sbg.ac.at
http://www.wavelab.at
Abstract. Inthisarticleweinvestigaterobustwatermarkingintegrated
withH.264/SVCvideocodingandaddresscoarse-grain qualityandspa-
tial resolution scalability features according to Annex G of the H.264
standard. We show that watermark embedding in the base layer of the
videoisinsufficienttoprotect thedecodedvideocontentwhenenhance-
ments layers are employed. The problem is mitigated by a propagation
techniqueofthebaselayerwatermarksignalwhenencodingtheenhance-
mentlayer.Incaseofspatialresolution scalability,thebaselayerwater-
mark signal is upsampled to match the resolution of the enhancement
layer data.
We demonstrate blind watermark detection in the full- and low-
resolution decoded video for the same adapted H.264/SVC bitstream
for copyright protection applications and, surprisingly, can report bit
rate savings when extending the base layer watermark to the enhance-
ment layer. Further, we consider watermark detection integrated in the
H.264/SVCdecoderoperatingonthepartiallydecodedresidualdatafor
copy control or authentication applications.
Keywords: Robust watermarking, blind detection, H.264/SVC, scal-
able video coding.
1 Introduction
Distribution of video content has become ubiquitous and targets small, low-
powermobile to highfidelity digitaltelevisiondevices.The ScalableVideoCod-
ing (SVC) extension of the H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding standard
describes a bit stream format which can efficiently encode video in multiple
spatial and temporal resolutions at different quality levels [16,17]. Scalability
features have already been present in previous MPEG video coding standards.
Theycame,however,atasignificantreductionincodingefficiencyandincreased
coding complexity compared to non-scalable coding. H.264/SVC employs inter-
layer prediction and can perform within 10% bit rate overhead for a two-layer
resolution scalable bitstream compared to coding a single layer with H.264.
(cid:2) Supportedby Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project P19159-N13.
Y.Q.Shi(Ed.):TransactionsonDHMSVII,LNCS7110,pp.1–14,2012.
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
2 P. Meerwald and A. Uhl
Enhancement Watermark
Layer Video Embedding
Full−VRideesoolution ScVaidlaebole
Downsampling Coding
EWmabteerdmDdaoinrwgknsampling ELnBahayasVeneird c LVeeaoimdyeeeront (HS.C2cVo6aidd4laei/nbSoglVeC) BasVeid Leaoyer (EWHm.a2bt6ee4rdm/SdaVinrCgk) (HS.C2cVo6aidd4laei/nbSoglVeC) BSictsatlraebalme WCaotmerpmreasrske Edm−bDeodmdaining
(a) Watermark embedding (b) Integrated watermark (c) Compressed-domain
before video encoding embeddingand coding embedding after encoding
Fig.1.Differentembeddingscenariosforwatermarkingresolution-scalableH.264/SVC
video content
In this work we investigate a well-known robust watermarking framework
proposedby Noorkami et al. [11,12] for copyrightprotectionandownershipver-
ification applications of H.264-encoded video content. The aim is to provide
a single scalable, watermarked bit stream which can be distributed to diverse
clients without the need to re-encode the video material. Scalability is provided
at the bit stream level. A bit stream with reduced quality, spatial and/or tem-
poral resolution can be efficiently obtained by discarding NAL units [16]. The
watermark (i) should be detectable in the compressed domain and the decoded
videowithoutreferencetotheoriginalcontent,and(ii)mustbedetectableinthe
decoded video at all scalability operation points, starting from the base layer.
In Fig. 1 we distinguish three embedding scenarios for producing a water-
marked,scalableH.264/SVCbitstream:(a)embeddingbeforeencoding,(b)em-
bedding integrated in the coding process, (c) altering the scalable bit stream
(embeddinginthecompresseddomain).Thefirstembeddingscenarioofferslittle
controlovertheresultingbitstreamandthusmakesdetectioninthecompressed
domain difficult. As watermark embedding takes place before video encoding,
any robust video watermarking schemes can be applied. However, lossy com-
pression and downsampling of the full-resolution video have an impact on the
embedded watermark signal. Caenegem et al. [2] describe the design of a wa-
termarking scheme resilient to H.264/SVC but treat the encoding only from
a robustness point of view. In [19], Shi et al. propose a wavelet-domain em-
bedding approach that exploits the transform’s multi-resolution representation
to cope with different resolution and quality layers. Both aforementioned tech-
niques employ high-definition video frames (with HDTV and 4CIF resolution,
respectively).
Finally, the thirdscenarioappearstobe overlycomplexfromanimplementa-
tion point of view given the intra-frame [6] and inter-layer prediction structure
of H.264/SVC which necessitates drift compensation to minimize error propa-
gation [11,4]. Zou et al. [24,23] propose a bitstream replacement watermark by
altering H.264 CAVLC and CABAC symbols of HDTV video content several
minutes long; scalability features are not addressed.
Integrated H.264/SVC video encoding and watermarking as shown in Fig. 4
offers control over the bitstream; for example the watermark can be placed ex-
clusivelyinnon-zeroquantizedresidualcoefficients[12].Further,theembedding
