Table Of ContentJacek Mercik • Anna Motylska-Kuźma
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Transactions on
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Collective Intelligence XXXVII
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Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Ryszard Kowalczyk
Editor-in-Chief Co-Editor-in-Chief
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13750
Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Editorial Board Members
Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8851
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Ryszard Kowalczyk
(cid:129) (cid:129)
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Jacek Mercik Anna Motylska-Ku ma (Eds.)
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Transactions on
Computational
Collective Intelligence XXXVII
123
Editor-in-Chief Co-Editor-in-Chief
Ngoc ThanhNguyen Ryszard Kowalczyk
Institute of Informatics Faculty of Information
Wroclaw University of Technology andCommunication Technology
Wroclaw,Poland Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, Victoria, VIC,Australia
GuestEditors
JacekMercik Anna Motylska-Kuźma
WSB University inWroclaw University of LowerSilesia
Wroclaw,Poland Wroclaw,Poland
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Computer Science
ISSN 2190-9288 ISSN 2511-6053 (electronic)
Transactions onComputational Collective Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-662-66596-1 ISBN978-3-662-66597-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66597-8
©Springer-VerlagGmbHGermany,partofSpringerNature2022
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Preface
It is our pleasure to present to you the thirty-seventh volume of Transactions on
Computational Collective Intelligence (LNCS volume 13750), which comprises the
post-proceedingsofTheseventhseminaron“QuantitativeMethodsofGroupDecision
Making”, held at WSB University in Wroclaw, Poland, on November 26, 2021. The
seminar was organized, financed, and supported by WSB University, giving us the
excellent opportunity to listen to and discuss 13 presentations given by researchers
from a number of different universities. The volume contains nine high-quality, care-
fully reviewed papers1.
The first paper, “The decline of the Buchholz tiebreaker system: a preferable
alternative” by Josep Freixas, is devoted to a simple method of undoing tiebreaks in
sports competitions with a large number of competitors and a relatively small number
ofroundsofcompetition.SuchmethodsarecommoninmanygamesincludingChess,
Go,Bridge,andScrabble,amongothers.Tiebreakingmethodsdecideinstrictorderthe
prizestobereceived,andoneofthemostcommonlyusedisthewell-knownBuchholz
method, based on the arithmetic mean of the scores obtained by the opponents. The
alternative method that is proposed in this paper, which is quite close to the median
of the scores obtained by the opponents, is also a weighted average of the opponents’
scores,whoseweightsarebasedonthebinomialdistribution.Themainobjectiveofthe
paperistocomparetheproposedmethodwiththatofBuchholz,highlightingthemany
advantages. Even today Buchholz’s method and its variants are routinely used as the
first and second tiebreaker criteria, such as in the rapid and blitz chess world cham-
pionships that took place in December 2021; however, the author believes that
Buchholz’s method should be replaced by the one proposed in the paper.
In the second paper entitled “Constructing Varied and Attractive Shortlists from
Databases:AGroupDecisionApproach”DavidM.RamseyandAleksanderMariański
study a game theoretic approach to the number of offers being placed on a short list.
Thanks to the Internet, basic information can be found about a very large number of
offers at very little cost. Many sites give basic information about real estate offers,
including price, size, location, and number of rooms. Information of this kind is suf-
ficienttoassesswhetheranofferispotentiallyattractiveornot,butitdoesnotsufficein
making an ultimate decision. The number of real estate offers in a city may be very
large.Insuchacase,itcanbebeneficialtouseanautomaticproceduretofirsteliminate
offersthatdonotsatisfythebasiccriteriaofanindividualorfamilyandthenconstruct
a shortlist of varied and potentially attractive offers. This article recalls an algorithm
thatderivessuchashortlistforanindividualsearcher.Thenoveltyofthisarticleliesin
adapting this algorithm to scenarios in which a group decision is made. A practical
example based on real estate offers in Warsaw is used to illustrate the algorithm.
1 Hereafterdescriptionofthepapersaretakendirectlyfromsummariespreparedbytheirauthors.
vi Preface
Inthethirdpaper,“Algorithmsformeasuringindirectcontrolincorporatenetworks
and effects of divestment”, Jochen Staudacher, Linus Olsson, and Izabella Stach pre-
sent algorithms for measuring indirect control in complex corporate shareholding
networks and investigates the importance of mutual connections in the network in the
sense of shareholdings of one firm in another. Their algorithms rely on the concept of
power indices from cooperative game theory. They focus on a variant of the implicit
power index by Stach and Mercik based on the absolute Banzhaf index. They extend
this algorithm by determining the number of regressions in an adaptive
network-dependent manner taking into account the maximal length of a path to each
controlled company in the network and by a model for the oat, i.e., the set of
unidentifiedsmallshareholders.Themethodiscomparedwithexistingalgorithmsand
theauthorsdiscusstheimportanceoflinkagesbyinvestigatingdivestmentofsharesfor
a theoretical network with 21 players.
Thefourthpaper,“Lies,DamnedLies,andCraftyQuestionnaireDesign”byJarlK.
Kampen,YnteK.vanDam,andJohannesPlatje,dealswiththe(well-establishedinthe
literature) fact that particular design features of questionnaires affect the distribution
and association of collected data. They present a survey approach called Crafty
QuestionnaireDesign(CQED)thatallowspredictabilityandreplicabilityofoutcomes,
expectedofthenaturalsciences,tobeachievedinthesocialsciences.Twoindependent
proof-of-principle experiments, studying interpersonal and institutional trust of Polish
and Mexican students (n=1402), show that using different versions of a questionnaire
offers predictably different outcomes. CQED promises a large gain in efficiency of
research in terms of sample size required and number of replications needed. This
knowledge can safeguard the social scientific researcher against unpleasant surprises
andinconvenientresults.KnowledgeabouttheprinciplesofCQEDcouldalsobeatool
for editors as well as reviewers of social scientific journals to scrutinize the method-
ological soundness and improve the relevance of publications.
Inthefifthpaperentitled“SolidarityMeasures”IzabellaStachandCezarinoBertini
regard some measures for sharing (public) goods or budgets among members with
different participation quotas in a binary decision-making process. The main charac-
teristicofsuchmeasuresisthattheyshouldhaveelementsofsolidaritywiththosewho
haveaweakquotaofparticipationintheprocess.Thesemeasuresseemappropriatefor
dealsthatrequiresolidarity,whichcontrastswiththeclassicpowerindicessuchasthe
Shapley and Shubik index or the Banzhaf index. Moreover, they provide a new rep-
resentationfortwopowerindices—thePublicHelpIndexn(proposedbyBertiniand
Stachin2015)andtheparticularizationofthesolidarityvalueproposedbyNowakand
Radzik in 1994 (the w index) — in a simple game using null player free winning
coalitions, consider some their properties in simple games.
Inthesixthpaper,“Transportation problemwithfuzzyunitcosts.Z-fuzzynumbers
approach”,BarbaraGładyszconsiderstheclassicversionofthetransportationproblem
which uses determinstic parameters (the unit transport costs, capacities, and amounts
demanded)whileinreallifeproblemstheseparametersarenotdeterministic.Oneway
of modeling such problems is by using the concept offuzzy numbers. As proposed in
this work on transportation models, she assumes that demand and supply are deter-
ministic numbers and the uncertainty associated with the transport costs is modeled
using Z-fuzzy numbers, an ordered pair of fuzzy numbers Z = (A, B). A Z-fuzzy
Preface vii
numberisassociatedwithareal-valueduncertainvariable,X,withthefirstcomponent,
A,playingtheroleofafuzzyrestriction,R(X),onthevalueswhichX cantake,written
XasA is,whereA isafuzzyset.Bisameasureofthereliability(certainty)ofA.This
allows uncertainty to be included in the model, next to the estimated value of the
parameter(inthiscase,theunittransportcostvalue),bytakingintoaccountanexpert's
opinion as to their certainty regarding this estimation.
The seventh paper, “The New Ecological Paradigm, Functional Stupidity and the
University Sustainability – a Polish Case Study” by Johannes Platje, Anna
Motylska-Kuźma, Marjolein Caniels, and Markus Will, addresses the New Ecological
Paradigm (NEP) that reflects fragility in nature, limits to growth, and the perceived
ability of mankind to deal with all kinds of challenges to sustainable development.
Functional stupidity (FS) concerns the willingness to use and apply knowledge, while
beingable togobeyondshort-term,myopicgoals.Bothconceptsbear onthecapacity
to create a policy for, and redefine goals to achieve, sustainable development. This
study aims to provide a picture of the adherence to the New Ecological Paradigm and
the level of functional stupidity of a group of business and economics students. By
means of a survey and a teaching intervention, data was gathered among Polish
businessandeconomicsstudents(N=428)inAprilandMayof2019.Fuzzylogicwas
foundsuitabletoanalysethedata,asworldviewstendtobegeneralandimprecise.The
resultsshowthattheworldviewsofthestudentsareverysimilaranddonotdependon
specific characteristics like gender, employment, etc. The only exception is the
direction of the study, which showed a little influence on the specific view. What is
very interesting is that the purposeful intervention did not change specific views and
the lack of reflection and justification may have convinced students that human
intervention,whenusingasystemapproach,canpreventdifferenttypesofadverseside
effects, which is related to a belief in unlimited growth. Adherence to the New Eco-
logical Paradigm is neutral or positive.
In the eighth paper, entitled “The Polish market of equity crowdfunding - pre and
during pandemic COVID-19 situation”, Przemysław Klocek and Anna
Motylska-KuźmaidentifythechangesinthePolishmarketofequitycrowdfundingon
the cusp of disturbing external factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors
analyzed data from the four leading equity crowdfunding platforms (beesfund,
crowdway, findfunds, and crowdconnect) through the prism of the basic efficiency
factors. Comparing the results obtained before the pandemic to the years 2020 and
2021 shows that the Polish equity crowdfunding market is very resistant to unpre-
dictableconditionssuchasCOVID-19pandemicanddevelopsinaverystableway,in
the meantime experiencing a challenging process of professionalization and matching
national legislation to the requirements of the EU.
In the last paper entitled “A Model of a Parallel Design Environment for the
Development of Decision-making IoT Systems” Anna Róża Łuczak, Konrad Stró-
żański, and Cezary Orłowski present a model building a parallel design environment
using containerization processes for Internet of Things (IoT) systems supported by
localenvironmentsandtheirorchestration.Accordingtothecurrentdominantapproach
inIT,whichisthemaximumautomationofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess,special
emphasisisplacedontheprocessesofcontinuousintegrationandcontinuous delivery
(CI / CD). They are supported by such solutions as Docker Compose, Swarm, and
viii Preface
Pipeline. CI / CD is a response to common problems related to software development
such as slow product growth, lack of transparency in the cooperation of the develop-
mentteam,lackofpredictabilityandthepossibilityofestimatingprojectduration,late
implementation of changes, repeatable errors caused by the human factor, and many
others. These challenges translate into the final product and customer satisfaction, and
thus the success of the project or even the financial result of the enterprise. Although
continuous integration and delivery are not new concepts (the first mention of con-
tinuousintegrationdatesbackto1991),thankstothecontinuousimprovementofthese
methods, many tools and new approaches are created. Therefore, in this paper, the
authors consider the problems of building a decision-making system using continuous
integration and continuous delivery processes. For this purpose, a model of the
decision-making process was built using both of the above-mentioned processes, and
then it was verified in a parallel design environment.
Wewouldliketothankallauthorsfortheirvaluablecontributionstothisissueand
all reviewers for their opinions which helped to keep the papers of high quality. Our
very special thanks go to Ngoc-Thanh Nguyen, who encouraged us to prepare this
volume and helped us to publish it in due time and in good order.
November 2022 Anna Motylska-Kuźma
Jacek Mercik
Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence
This Springer journal focuses on research in applications of the computer-based
methods of Computational Collective Intelligence (CCI) and their applications in a
widerangeoffieldssuchassemanticweb,socialnetworksandmulti-agentsystems.It
aims to provide a forum for the presentation of scientific research and technological
achievements accomplished by the international community.
The topics addressed by this journal include all solutions of real-life problems, for
whichitisnecessarytouseCCItechnologiestoachieveeffectiveresults.Theemphasis
of the papers published is on novel and original research and technological
advancements. Special features on specific topics are welcome.
Editor-in-Chief
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen Wroclaw University of Science and Technology,
Poland
Co-Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard Kowalczyk Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Editorial Board
John Breslin National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Longbing Cao University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Shi-Kuo Chang University of Pittsburgh, USA
Oscar Cordon European Centre for Soft Computing, Spain
Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Gordan Jezic University of Zagreb, Croatia
Piotr Jędrzejowicz Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Kang-Huyn Jo University of Ulsan, South Korea
Yiannis Kompatsiaris Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece
Jozef Korbicz University of Zielona Gora, Poland
Hoai An Le Thi University of Lorraine, France
Pierre Lévy University of Ottawa, Canada
Tokuro Matsuo Yamagata University, Japan
Kazumi Nakamatsu University of Hyogo, Japan
Toyoaki Nishida Kyoto University, Japan
Manuel Núñez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
Julian Padget University of Bath, UK
Witold Pedrycz University of Alberta, Canada
Debbie Richards Macquaire University, Australia
