Training Materials for a Global Alliance Against Forced Labour

260 Pages·2006·3 MB·English

Training Materials for a
Global Alliance Against
International
Forced Labour
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PILOT VERSION
ISBN 92-9049-413-1
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Training Materials
for a
Global Alliance
Against
Forced Labour
Copyright © International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization 2006
This publication enjoys copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
Applications for authorization to reproduce, translate or adapt part or all of its contents should be
addressed to the International Training Centre of the ILO. The Centre welcomes such applications.
Nevertheless, short excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is
indicated.
Training Materials for a Global Alliance Against Forced Labour
First published 2006
ISBN 92-9049-413-1
The designations employed in publications of the International Training Centre of the ILO, which are in
conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Centre concerning i.a. the legal status of any
country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The
responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with
their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the Centre of the opinions
expressed in them.
Publications of the Centre, as well as a catalogue or list of new publications, can be obtained from the
following address:
Publications
International Training Centre of the ILO
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Telephone: +39 - 011 - 6936.693
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E-mail: [email protected]
Design and printing: International Training Centre of the ILO, Turin, Italy
Training Materials
for a
Global Alliance
Against
Forced Labour
Training Material on Forced Labour:
Still a Global Challenge

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................xiv
Introduction to these Training Materials..........................................................................xv
Part I: Eliminating Forced Labour – The Global Challenge........................................3
A very brief history of forced labour.....................................................................................3
What is forced labour?.........................................................................................................3
1. Training Dossier: Definitions of Forced Labour..................................................4
2. Training Dossier: What is not Forced Labour?....................................................5
3. Training Dossier: International Human Rights Instruments related to
ILO Standards on Forced Labour.........................................................................7
4. Training Dossier: The ILO and the Forced Labour Conventions..........................8
Introduction: International condemnation and estimating the extent of the problem..........10
5. Training Dossier: Where is Forced Labour Prohibited?.....................................10
6. Training Dossier: How Much Forced Labour is there in the
World Today?...................................................................................................12
The primary responsibility lies with Government................................................................13
Recognizing that forced labour practices exist....................................................................13
Understanding the nature and extent of the problem..........................................................14
7. Training Dossier: The Challenge of Estimating the Extent of
Forced Labour..................................................................................................14
Formulating a strategy for combating forced labour............................................................16
8. Training Dossier: Constructing a Government Policy to Combat
Forced Labour..................................................................................................16
9. Training Dossier: The Difference between What Needs To Be Done
and How To Do It – Criteria for Action Plans....................................................17
Combating the problem legally and practically...................................................................17
10. Training Dossier: What Makes for a Responsive Legal Framework
to Combat Forced Labour Practices?.................................................................18
11. Training Dossier: Labour Inspection as a Way of Eliminating
Abusive Employment Conditions......................................................................19
Activity 1. The Cost of Denial.......................................................................20
Activity 2. Comparative Analysis...................................................................22
Activity 3. Which Standard?..........................................................................24
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Part II: Forced Labour and the State.................................................................................29
e
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l 12. Training Dossier: ILO Standards as they Relate to State-Sponsored
a Forms of Forced Labour....................................................................................29
h
Compulsory labour exacted from free citizens....................................................................31
C
13. Training Dossier: Examples of Compulsory Labour in Public Works.................32

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a Prison-linked forced labour................................................................................................34
b
14. Training Dossier: How Compulsory Prison Labour can be
o Forced Labour against International Standards..................................................34
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G Prison labour performed in the context of private enterprise...............................................34
15. Training Dossier: How Prison Labour can be Connected with
a Private Entities..................................................................................................35

l Economic conditions as a push factor.................................................................................36
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t Appropriate safeguards.......................................................................................................36
S
A situation requiring tripartite debate..................................................................................37
:
r
u Trade unions voice concerns..............................................................................................37
o
Employers state their position.............................................................................................37
b
16. Training Dossier: ILO Tripartism and Forced Labour Standards........................37
a
L Meeting the challenge of state-sponsored forms of forced labour........................................38

d Meeting the challenge as Government................................................................................38
e
17. Training Dossier: Bringing a Complaint under Article 26 of the
c ILO Constitution...............................................................................................38
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o Activity 4. What is Your Country Willing to Do to Combat
State-Sponsored Forced Labour?...................................................40
F
Activity 5. Use of Prison Labour by Private Companies or Individuals...........42
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o Meeting the challenge as Employers...................................................................................44
18. Training Dossier: Article XX of the General Agreement on
l Tariffs and Trade...............................................................................................44
a
i 19. Training Dossier: A Global Compact for Employers and
r
Their Companies..............................................................................................44
e
t Activity 6. Joining with Trade-Unionists in Condemning
a Unfair Competition......................................................................48
M
Activity 7. Joining the Global Compact.........................................................50

g Meeting the challenge as Workers......................................................................................52
n 20. Training Dossier: Making Observations to the ILO’s Committee
i of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations...............52
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21. Training Dossier: Bringing a Representation under Article 24
of the ILO Constitution.....................................................................................53
Building alliances and partnerships with civil society to end state-sponsored
forced labour......................................................................................................................54
22. Training Dossier: Characteristics of Successful Partnerships.............................54
Witnessing and documenting.............................................................................................55
Raising awareness and calling for action.............................................................................56
Pressuring for action...........................................................................................................56
23. Training Dossier: Filing Complaints to Enforce International
Human Rights Standards...................................................................................57
Activity 8. Which Case is Worthy of Comment?............................................58
Activity 9. Using Radio to Raise Awareness among Forced Labourers............60
Activity 10. What Message should be Communicated to
Raise Awareness?.........................................................................62
Activity 11. Targeting State-Sponsored Forms of Forced Labour
by Pressuring Private Beneficiaries...............................................64
Part III: Forced Labour, Poverty and Discrimination –
Forced Labour Exacted by Private Agents......................................................................69
Slavery.............................................................................................................................69
24. Training Dossier: Chattel Slavery’s Long History Hampers Elimination.............70
Debt-related forced and bonded labour..............................................................................70
Defining bonded labour.....................................................................................................72
25. Training Dossier: International Standards Defining Bonded Labour..................72
26. Training Dossier: The Special Situation of Children in Debt Bondage..............73
The responsive legal framework.......................................................................................74
27. Training Dossier: What Special Legal Provisions must be Enacted
to Combat Bonded Labour?..............................................................................74
Identifying bonded labourers..............................................................................................75
28. Training Dossier: How Rural Labour Relations can Make it
Difficult to Identify Bonded Labourers..............................................................76
Liberation of bonded labourers...........................................................................................76
Rehabilitation measures......................................................................................................76
Meeting the challenge of forced labour stemming from poverty and discrimination............77
v
Activity 12. What do Status and Discrimination Have to Do with
Forced Labour?............................................................................78
Activity 13. Can Trade Unions and Civil Society Help Bring an End
to Impunity?.................................................................................80
Meeting the challenge as Government................................................................................82
Activity 14. What can be Done by Government to Eradicate Forms
of Forced Labour Rooted in Poverty and Discrimination...............83
Activity 15. What does Freedom of Association Have to Do with
Forced Labour?............................................................................85
Meeting the challenge as Employers...................................................................................87
Employers’ interests in combating forced labour rooted in discrimination
and poverty........................................................................................................................87
Interventions aimed at employers.......................................................................................87
29. Training Dossier: Getting Employers Involved in Eliminating
Forced Labour..................................................................................................88
30. Training Dossier: Codes of Conduct and Forced and
Compulsory Labour.........................................................................................89
Activity 16. Mapping Employers’ Interests in Fighting
Contemporary Forms of Forced Labour........................................90
Activity 17. Employers’ Responses to Recommendations.................................93
Meeting the challenge as Workers......................................................................................95
The relationship between workers and their organizations and forms of
forced labour rooted in discrimination and poverty............................................................95
31. Training Dossier: What Workers and Their Organizations can Do
to Fight Forced Labour Rooted in Poverty and Discrimination...........................95
Workers’ organizations can work with and support the work of
civil society organizations..................................................................................................96
32. Training Dossier: Where can Civil Society Organizations Intervene
to Combat Forced and Compulsory Labour?.....................................................97
Workers’ organizations as watchdogs monitoring conditions leading to forced labour........98
33. Training Dossier: Commenting On Forced Labour Practices where
Relevant Conventions have not been Ratified...................................................99
Activity 18. Planning Workers’ Organization Action to Combat
Forced Labour............................................................................100
Activity 19. Dealing with Demands for the Repayment of Debt.....................102
Activity 20. How Workers’ Organizations can Forge Bonds and
Cooperate with Civil Society Organizations...............................104
vi