Trafficking Inside Cells: Pathways, Mechanisms and Regulation

459 Pages·2009·63.536 MB·English

by  Nava Segev PhD (auth.)

MOLECULAR BIOWGY
INTELLIGENCE
UNIT
Trafficking Inside Cells
Pathways, Mechanisms and Regulation
Nava Segev, PhD
Department ofBiological Sciences
Laboratoryfor Molecular Biology
UniversityofIllinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois, USA
LANDES BIOSCIENCE SPRINGERSCIENCEtBuSINESSMEDIA
AUSTIN, TEXAS NEW YORK,NEWYORK
USA USA
TRAFFICKING INSIDE CELLS:
PATHWAYS, MECHANISMS AND REGULATION
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ISBN:978-0-387-93876-9 Printed onacid-freepaper.
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LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData
Traffickinginsidecells:pathways, mechanisms,and regulation I [edited by]NavaSegev.
p. ;ern.-- (Molecularbiologyintelligenceunit)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index.
ISBN 978-0-387-93876-9 (alk.paper)
1. Proteins--Physiologicaltransport. I.Segev,Nava.II. Series:Molecularbiologyintelligence
unit(Unnumbered:2003)
[DNLM:1. ProteinTransport.2. CellMembrane--metabolism.3. Cell Physiological
Processes.4. SignalTransduction. QU55T7642009]
QP551.T72352009
612.3'98--dc22
2009028590A
Dedication
Thisbookisdedicatedtoallthepast,presentandfutureresearchers
whosecontributions areinvaluabletotherapidprogressionofthefield
oftraffickinginsidethe cell.
Nava Segev, PhD
About theEditor...
.... ...
,,.. '"
NAVASEGEVisaProfessorin the DepartmentofBiologicalSciences
at the UniversityofIllinoisatChicago. Herlaboratorystudies the regulation
ofintracellular trafficking by GTPases using molecular, cellularand genetic
approaches.Recently,her main researchinterestshavefocusedon the roleof
GTPases in the integrationofindividualtransportstepsinto whole pathways
andthecoordinationofthesepathwayswithothercellularprocesses.Sheteaches
genetics to undergraduate students and protein trafficking to graduate
students. Dr. Segevreceivedher PhD in Microbial Genetics from Tel-Aviv
University in Israel and was a postdoctoral fellow with David Botstein at
Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, and Genentech, Inc. at
San Francisco, where she picked up yeast asa model system. She currently
serveson theEditorialBoardofMolecularBiologyoftheCell,andisamember
ofthe GeneticSocietyofAmericaandtheAmericanSocietyforCellBiology.
About the Associate Editors ...
AIXA ALFONSO is an Associate Professor in the Department of
BiologicalSciencesandtheLaboratoryfor IntegrativeNeuroscienceat the
UniversityofIllinois at Chicago. Her research interests include thestudy
ofthe genes involved in (1) sorting and trafficking of neuronal specific
proteins (cell biology), and (2) specification ofneuronal identity (develop
mentanddifferentiation) usingthe nematode C. elegansasamodelsystem.
She received herPhDfrom theUniversityofWisconsinat Madisonandisa
member ofthe Society for Neuroscience, the American Society for Cell
Biology and the Society for the Advancement ofChicanos and Native
Americans in Science.
JULIE G.DONALDSON isa Senior Investigatorin the Laboratory
ofCell Biology in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the
NationalInstitutesofHealthin Bethesda, Maryland.Herresearch interests
arein understandingthe mechanismsandregulationofendosomalandsecre
tory membrane traffic in the cell. She holds a PhD from the Universityof
MarylandandwasaPostdoctoral Fellow in theNational InstituteofChild
Healthand Human Developmentpriorto hercurrentposition.
GREGORYS.PAYNE isa Professor in the Department ofBiological
Chemistry, UCLASchool ofMedicine,LosAngeles, California.His research
involves cell biological, biochemical, molecular and standard genetic and
genomic approaches to understand vesicle mediated traffic in yeast, with
particular emphasis on endocytosis and transport between theTGN and
endosomes.Dr. PaynereceivedhisBSinCell BiologywithHonorsinDrama
from UniversityofMichiganin 1977andhisPhDin Biochemistryinthelab
ofHaroldVarmus from UniversityofCalifornia, San Francisco. Hewas
apostdoctoralfellowwith RandySchekman at UniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeley.Hecurrentlyserveson theEditorialBoardsofTrafficandtheJournal
ofCellScienceandisamemberoftheAmericanSocietyofCell Biology.
CONTENTS
r;:::::::::::============= ============:::::::=;"]
Preface ......•........................................................•................•..............•xix
NavaSegev
Section I. Compartments and Pathways
1. OverviewofIntracellularCompartments
and TraffickingPathways 3
AndreiA. Tokareo, AixaAlfonsoandNauaSegeu
Abstract 3
Introduction 4
How We Study IntracellularTrafficking 5
TheExocyricPathway 6
TheEndocytic Pathway 7
Cross-Talk betweenthe Exocyricand Endocytic Pathways 7
RegulatedTrafficking 9
CompartmentDynamics and Biogenesis 12
Summaryand FuturePerspectives 12
2. HowWe StudyProteinTransport 15
Mary1.Preuss,PeggyWeidmanandErikNielsen
Abstract............................................................................................... 15
Model Cargo Proteins fortheAnalysis
ofIntracellular Transport 16
TheReconstitutionofMembraneTraffickingInVitro 19
GeneticAnalysisofTransportinYeast 25
Tools forImaging MembraneTrafficking 30
Summaryand Perspectives 34
3. TheGolgiApparatus 42
ZhaolinHuaandToddR Graham
Abstract 42
Introduction 43
Structureofthe GolgiApparatus 44
PosttranslationalModifications Catalyzedwithin the Golgi
Apparatus 48
Protein Transportand Sortingin the GolgiApparatus 54
Inheritanceofthe GolgiApparatus 60
Summary 61
4. TheEndocyticPathway ....................................................•..................67
Elizabeth ConibearandYuen YiC. Tam
Abstract 67
Initial Stepsin Internalization 68
TransportthroughEndosomes 71
RetrogradeTransportto the SecretoryPathway 74
MembraneDomainsand CompartmentIdentity 77
Conclusion 77
5. RegulatedSecretion................................•.............................................84
NaueenNagarajan, KennethL. CusterandSandraBajjalieh
Abstract 85
Introduction 85
Adapting theCoreMachineryofConstitutiveSecretion
forRegulatedRelease 85
Adding Regulationto theCoreMachinery 88
SecretionatNeuronal Synapses 93
Summaryand Conclusion 95
Section II. Mechanisms
6. OverviewofProteinTraffickingMechanisms 105
Giancarlo CostagutaandGregoryS.Payne
Abstract............................................................................................. 105
Introduction 105
Translocationand Protein Foldinginthe ER 108
Coated VesicleFormation 109
Dense CoreSecretoryGranule Formation 111
Carrier Motility and OrganellePositioning 112
VesicleTetheringand Fusion 113
RoleofLipidsinProtein Trafficking 114
Summary 115
7. Entryinto the EndoplasmicReticulum: ProteinTranslocation,
Foldingand QualityControl 119
Sbeara "Iv. FewellandJeffreyL.Brodsky
Abstract............................................................................................. 119
Introduction 119
ProteinTranslocationacrossthe ERMembrane 120
QualityControlinthe ER 128
The Unfolded Protein Response(UPR) 131
ERand HumanHealth 131
ConcludingRemarks 133
8. COP-MediatedVesicleTransport 143
SiloerePagantandElizabethMiller
Abstract.......................................................................... 143
Introduction: PrinciplesofVesicularTraffic 144
InitiatingVesicleFormation:AGTPase CycleRegulates
Coat Assembly 144
Sculpting the Membrane:Generatingand Capturing
MembraneCurvature 148
PopulatingtheVesicle:Cargo-CoatInteractions Specify
EfficientCargoCapture 150
ComplexityinCOP-MediatedTraffic:WhatRemains
ToBeLearned 152
Conclusion 155
9. Clathrin-MediatedEndocytosis 159
PeterS.McPherson, BrigitteRitterandBeverlyWendland
Abstract 159
Introduction 160
Mechanisms ofCCVFormation 162
Actin 173
Major UnresolvedQuestions 175
10. BiogenesisofDense-CoreSecretoryGranules 183
GrantR Bowman,AndrewT.CowanandAaronP. Turkewitz
Abstract............................................ 183
Introduction 184
ProteinSortinginto ISGs 187
VesicleBuddingand Maturation 195
Conclusion 201
11. Lipid-DependentMembraneRemodelling
in ProteinTrafficking 210
PriyaP. ChandraandNicholas T.Ktistakis
Abstract 210
Introductionand Overview 211
TransportPathways 211
Coated VesicleFormationPrimarilyDependsonThreeTypes
ofCoats: Clathrin; COPIIand COPI 213
Structuraland SignalingLipidsinMembraneTransport 215
EvidenceThatLipidsRegulateTrafficking Pathways 218
HowDoesItWork?SomeEmerging Principles 222
FutureDirections 227
12. CarrierMotility 233
MarcinJ WozniakandVictoriaJ Allan
Abstract 233
Introduction 233
Microtubulesand TheirMotors 235
Actin FilamentsandTheirMotors 237
Tothe Golgiand Back-TheEarlySecretoryPathway 240
TGNand Post-GolgiTrafficking 242
Endocytosis 244
CooperationbetweenMotorProteins 247
FuturePerspectives 247
13. TetheringFactors 254
VladimirLupasbinandElizabethSztul
Abstract 254
Introduction 255
RoleofCoiled-Coil TethersinMembraneTraffic 256
RoleofMulti-SubunitTetheringComplexesin MembraneTraffic 261
UnconfirmedTethers 266
ModelsforFunctionofTetheringProteinsin MembraneTraffic 268
Conclusionand Perspectives 272
14. IntracellularMembraneFusion 282
DaluXuandJesse C Hay
Abstract 283
Fusion ofPhospholipid Bilayers:BiophysicalMechanism 283
General Mechanisms ofProtein-AssistedMembraneFusion 284
MembraneFusion ofEnvelopedViruses 284
Intracellular MembraneFusion 287
Calcium-Activated MembraneFusion 308
Perspectives 311
Section III. Regulation and Coordination
withOther Cellular Processes
15. Regulationand CoordinationofIntracellularTrafficking:
An Overview 329
JulieDonaldsonandNavaSegev
Abstract 329
Introduction 330
Regulation ofIndividuaiTransportSteps 330
Transport StepCoordination 333
Coordination ofIntracellularTraffickingwith Other
Cellular Processes 334
TrafficRegulation and HumanDisease 337
FuturePerspectives 338
16. RegulationofProteinTraffickingbyGTP-BindingProteins 342
MichelFranco, PhilippeChavrierandFlorenceNiedergang
Abstract 342
Introduction 343
SmallGTP Binding Proteins:General Properties
and MechanismsofRegulation 343
Methodsto Study GTP-BindingProteins 347
Rolein Protein Trafficking 349
ConcludingRemarks 357