Traffic & Highway Engineering , Fouth Edition

1249 Pages·2008·20.53 MB·English

by  Nicholas J. Garber

Traffic and
Highway
Engineering
FOURTH EDITION
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
University of Virginia
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Traffic and Highway Engineering, Fourth Edition ©2009 Cengage Learning
Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel
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ISBN-13: 978-0-495-08250-7
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08
This book is dedicated to our wives,
Ada and Unni
and to our daughters,
Allison, Elaine, and Valerie
and
Julie, Lisa, and Sonja
With appreciation for the support, help, and encouragement that we received
during the years that were devoted to writing this textbook.
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Contents
PART 1 (cid:2) INTRODUCTION 1
1 The Profession of Transportation 3
Importance of Transportation 3
Transportation History 6
Transportation Employment 16
Summary 23
Problems 24
References 25
2 Transportation Systems and Organizations 27
Developing a Transportation System 27
Modes of Transportation 34
Transportation Organizations 47
Summary 51
Problems 52
References 54
PART 2 (cid:2) TRAFFIC OPERATIONS 55
3 Characteristics of the Driver, the Pedestrian,
the Vehicle, and the Road 57
Driver Characteristics 58
Perception-Reaction Process 60
Older Drivers’ Characteristics 61
Pedestrian Characteristics 62
Bicyclists and Bicycles Characteristics 62
Vehicle Characteristics 63
Road Characteristics 88
v
vi Contents
Summary 93
Problems 95
References 98
4 Traffic Engineering Studies 99
Spot Speed Studies 100
Volume Studies 115
Travel Time and Delay Studies 133
Parking Studies 139
Summary 146
Problems 147
References 150
5 Highway Safety 151
Issues Involved in Transportation Safety 152
Strategic Highway Safety Plans 154
Effectiveness of Safety Design Features 190
Summary 208
Problems 208
References 212
6 Fundamental Principles of Traffic Flow 213
Traffic Flow Elements 213
Flow-Density Relationships 218
Shock Waves in Traffic Streams 230
Gap and Gap Acceptance 243
Introduction to Queuing Theory 249
Summary 258
Problems 258
7 Intersection Design 265
Types of At-Grade Intersections 266
Design Principles for At-Grade Intersections 276
Design of Railroad Grade Crossings 314
Summary 320
Problems 322
References 325
8 Intersection Control 327
General Concepts of Traffic Control 327
Conflict Points at Intersections 331
Types of Intersection Control 332
Signal Timing for Different Color Indications 342
Freeway Ramps 373
Summary 378
Problems 378
References 380
Contents vii
9 Capacity and Level of Service for Highway Segments 381
Two-Lane Highways 382
Freeways 406
Multilane Highways 424
Summary 430
Problems 431
References 434
Appendix: Tables 434
10 Capacity and Level of Service at Signalized Intersections 457
Definitions of Some Common Terms 457
Level of Service at Signalized Intersections 460
Summary 528
Problems 528
References 533
Appendix: Tables 534
PART 3 (cid:2) TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 549
11 The Transportation Planning Process 551
Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 552
Transportation Planning Institutions 562
Urban Transportation Planning 566
Forecasting Travel 574
Summary 586
Problems 587
References 588
12 Forecasting Travel Demand 591
Demand Forecasting Approaches 591
Trip Generation 593
Trip Distribution 603
Mode Choice 613
Traffic Assignment 625
Other Methods for Forecasting Demand 633
Estimating Freight Demand 637
Traffic Impact Studies 638
Summary 644
Problems 645
References 652
13 Evaluating Transportation Alternatives 653
Basic Issues in Evaluation 653
Evaluation Based on Economic Criteria 657
Evaluation Based on Multiple Criteria 669
Summary 684
Problems 684
References 689
viii Contents
PART 4 (cid:2) LOCATION, GEOMETRICS,
AND DRAINAGE 691
14 Highway Surveys and Location 693
Principles of Highway Location 693
Highway Survey Methods 701
Highway Earthwork and Final Plans 723
Summary 731
Problems 733
References 734
15 Geometric Design of Highway Facilities 737
Factors Influencing Highway Design 738
Design of the Alignment 754
Special Facilities for Heavy Vehicles on Steep Grades 790
Bicycle Facilities 791
Parking Facilities 796
Computer Use in Geometric Design 801
Summary 802
Problems 802
References 805
16 Highway Drainage 807
Surface Drainage 807
Highway Drainage Structures 809
Sediment and Erosion Control 811
Hydrologic Considerations 813
Unit Hydrographs 826
Hydraulic Design of Highway Drainage Structures 827
Subsurface Drainage 870
Economic Analysis 889
Summary 889
Problems 889
References 891
Additional Readings 892
PART 5 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND PAVEMENTS 893
17 Soil Engineering for Highway Design 895
Soil Characteristics 895
Basic Engineering Properties of Soils 899
Classification of Soils for Highway Use 907
Soil Surveys for Highway Construction 917
Soil Compaction 922
Special Soil Tests for Pavement Design 932
Frost Action in Soils 936
Summary 937
Problems 937
References 914
Contents ix
18 Bituminous Materials 943
Sources of Asphalt 943
Description and Uses of Bituminous Binders 946
Properties of Asphalt Materials 949
Tests for Asphalt Materials 953
Asphalt Mixtures 969
Superpave Systems 992
Summary 1019
Problems 1019
References 1022
19 Design of Flexible Pavements 1025
Structural Components of a Flexible Pavement 1025
Soil Stabilization 1027
General Principles of Flexible Pavement Design 1032
Summary 1070
Problems 1070
References 1073
20 Design of Rigid Pavements 1075
Materials Used in Rigid Pavements 1076
Joints in Concrete Pavements 1081
Types of Rigid Highway Pavements 1083
Pumping of Rigid Pavements 1084
Stresses in Rigid Pavements 1085
Thickness Design of Rigid Pavements 1093
Summary 1129
Problems 1129
References 1131
21 Pavement Management 1133
Problems of Highway Rehabilitation 1133
Methods for Determining Roadway Condition 1136
Pavement Condition Prediction 1151
Pavement Rehabilitation 1160
Pavement Rehabilitation Programming 1162
GIS and Pavement Management 1172
Summary 1174
Problems 1174
References 1176
Appendixes 1177
Index 1207