Table Of ContentTRADITIONS
OF THE
BIBLE
TRADITIONS
OF THE
BIBLE
A Guide to the Bible As It Was
at the Start ofthe Common Era
JAMES L. KUGEL
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
LONDON,ENGLAND
Copyright©1997,1998byJamesL.Kugel
Allrightsreserved
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Kugel,JamesL.
TraditionsoftheBible:aguidetotheBibleasitwas
atthestartofthecommonera/ JamesL.Kugel.
p. cm.
Rev.ed.of:TheBibleasitwas.1997.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-674-79151-7(alk.paper)
1. Bible.a.T.Pentateuch-Criticism,interpretation,etc.-History.
I.Kugel,JamesL. Bibleasitwas. II. Title.
BS1225·2.K85 1998
222'.106'09-dc21 98-26763
Once again, to R.
Contents
Preface
XVll
1. TheWorld ofAncient Biblical Interpreters
1
2. The Creation ofthe World 43
WisdomCameFirst • The"Beginning"DidIt • ASpecialLight
TheAngelsWereAlsoCreated • GodandSomeoneElse
CompletedonFriday
OTHER READINGS
CreatedLongBefore • TheHeavenlyThronePreceded • EdenandGehennaCreated •
ThePreexistentTemple • NamedBeforetheSun • TwoThousandYearsBefore •
CreationoutofNothingness • GodandWisdomWereParents • PlatoandScripture
Agree • TheLogosParticipated • TheWickedDemiurge • BuiltbytheBook • ADay
ofGod's • CreatedinaSingleAct • SpecialLightofCreation • TheAngelsWereAlso
Created • WindyandFieryAngels • TirelessAngels • ShrinktheMoon • TheSun
StandsAlone • GodandSomeoneElse • IntheImageofGod? • ImmensePrimordial
Adam • AndrogynousHumanity • OneMalewithOneFemale • AdamandHisRib •
YouMustBeFruitful • TheWorldforIsrael • CompletedonFriday • TheFirst
Sabbath(ButNottheLast) • God'sFirstborn,Israel
3. Adam and Eve 93
DeathinaDay • ThePunishmentWasMortality
SinfulnessIsHereditary • TheSerpentWasSatan
BlameItontheWoman • AnExtraProviso
TheEarthlyParadise • TheGardeninHeaven
OTHER READINGS
TheEarthlyAdam • PurifiedbeforeEden • EdentheSanctuary • TheGardenof
Delight • EdenWasWisdom • EveandtheAnimals • Adam'sEx • Glorious
Clothing • WorkingandGuardingtheTorah • TheDevil'sEnvy • Diabolical
Ventriloquism • WhatKindofTree? • TheTreeofLifeandWisdom • GoodtoEat
andSee • ThePunishmentWasMortality • HowAreYouNow,Really? • BlameIton
theWoman • AnExtraProviso • StrippedofTheirFormerVirtues • SinfulnessIs
Hereditary • FreeWillNevertheless • GarmentsofLight • Adam'sRestoredGlory •
VIII·:· CONTENTS
CursesReversed • GarmentsSaved • TheTreeIstheReward • TheRighteousArethe
Trees • TotheEast,orNorth,orSomewhere • NeitherHeavenNorEarth • Penitent
AdamandEve • Seth'sSnakebite
4. Cain andAbel 145
SonoftheDevil • Cain'sSisters • ProfessionsDecided
DefectiveSacrifices • TheProblemWastheSacrificer
TheGoodandtheBad • KilledwithaStone
GodKnewWhereAbelWas • Cain'sSevenfoldPunishment
Cain'sRepentance
OTHER READINGS
SonoftheDevil • Cain'sLustrousFace • Cain'sSisters • DifferentProfessionson
Purpose • ImproperDivision • FirefromHeaven • Abel's"Bloods" • WhatYou
Say? • GodKnewWhereAbelWas • EarthCursed • LandofTrembling • Cain's
SevenfoldPunishment • TheSignWasaLetter • CainDiedintheFlood • TheHouse
FellIn • CainKilledbyLamech • CainandtheJews • TheGnosticCain
5. Noah and the Flood
CainWastheWorst • TheImmortalEnoch
TheHeavenlyScribe • EnochtheSage • EnochthePenitent
ABadMatch • TheWickedGiants
OneHundredandTwentyuntilPunishment
NoahWarnedoftheFlood • NoahtheRighteous
OnlyinHisGeneration • TheAnimalsAlsoSinned
ThePurifyingFlood
OTHER READINGS
TheImmortalEnoch • EnochtheHeavenlyScribe • EnochtheAngel • Enochthe
Penitent • AntediluvianSaintsandSinners • TheFloodHadManyCauses •
FornicationorUncleannessCausedtheFlood • ViolationsoftheNaturalOrder •
CorruptionSpread • WickedGiantsSpreadViolence • APurifyingBath • Humanity
HadBeenCorrupted • AngelsPassedOnForbiddenKnowledge • Separate
PunishmentforAngels • AngelsFell • AngelsImprisoned • GiantsKilledOff •
NoDivineSpiritinFlesh • The"SonsofGod"WereHuman • TheWomenAllured •
OneHundredandTwentyYearsuntilPunishment • ALifespanofOneHundredand
TwentyYears • TheHumanLifespanShrankTwice • Noah'sNameMeantWhat? •
Noah'sMiraculousAppearance • DoubtsaboutPaternity • OnlyinHisGeneration •
NoahWasYounger • ShemWasNoah'sOldestSon-orWasItJaphet? • HowLonga
Flood? • TheySawtheRainbow • HamWasGuiltyofMore • Noah's
Granddaughters • TheLawsofNoah'sSons(NoahideLaws)
CONTENTS .:. IX
6. The Tower ofBabel 227
TheyTriedtoStormHeaven • AWaragainstGod
NimrodBuiltIt • TheBuildersWereGiants
TheTowerLiesinRuins
OTHER READINGS
The"OneLanguage"WasHebrew • OneLanguageandOnePlan • ChangedFacesof
Babel • TheyTriedtoStormHeaven • AWaragainstGod • TheyMadeanIdol •
WickedTaskmastersofBabel • TheBuildersWereGiants • GodandtheAngels
7. Abraham Journeys from Chaldea 243
AbrahamtheMonotheist • Terah,PriestofIdolatry
AbrahamtheAstronomer • TippedOffbytheStars
AbrahamRescuedfrom Chaldea • AbrahamSavedfrom Fire
AbrahamWasUpset • Abraham'sDream
OTHER READINGS
Abraham,FriendofGod • AbrahamandtheTower • BrokenGods • Abrahamthe
Astronomer • HierarchyofFalseGods • Abraham'sHeavenlyJourney • Outof
Astrology • AbrahamWasinDr-orWasItHaran? • AbrahamtheMonotheist •
HaranPerishedintheFurnace • WhatHappenedtoTerah? • Abraham'sDream •
Sarah'sVirtueIntact • Hagar,GiftofPharaoh
8. Melchizedek 275
AGenerousHost • RighteousKingandPriest
DivinelyAppointedHighPriest • TheHeavenlyMelchizedek
TheChristian"OrderofMelchizedek"
AnUncircumcisedPriest? • MelchizedekinSamaria
MelchizedekWasShem • ServicesNoLongerNeeded
OTHER READINGS
Abraham'sJourney • ThirteenorThirteenth? • Abraham's318WereOne • The
GnosticMelchizedek • MelchizedekWasShem • TheHeavenlyMelchizedek •
MelchizedekinSamaria • MelchizedekMissing
9. The Trials ofAbraham 295
AbrahamtheTested • AbrahamSawaDireFuture
ChallengedbyAngels • GodMadeItKnown
IsaacWasaWillingVictim • TogetherinMind
OfferingForeshadowedCrucifixion
OTHER READINGS
TenTests • ManofFaith • JustifiedbyFaith • SarahSmiledwithPleasure •
AbrahamSawaDireFuture • Abraham'sVisionofHell • TheSinoftheAmorites •
Description:James Kugel's The Bible As It Was (1997) has been welcomed with universal praise. Here now is the full scholarly edition of this wonderfully rich and illuminating work, expanding the author's findings into an incomparable reference work. Focusing on two dozen core stories in the Pentateuch--from the