Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria

541 Pages·2004·5.035 MB·English

by  Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker, Philippe Rasoanaivo, Jonathan Addae-Kyereme

Traditional Medicinal Plants and
Malaria
Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern
Times
Each volume in this series provides academia, health sciences and the herbal medicines
industry with in-depth coverage of the herbal remedies for infectious diseases, certain
medical conditions or the plant medicines of a particular country.
Edited by Dr. Roland Hardman
Volume 1
Shengmai San, edited by Kam-Ming Ko
Volume 2
Rasayana, by H.S.Puri
Volume 3
Sho-Saiko-To and Related Formulations, by Yukio Ogihara and Masaki Aburada
Volume 4
Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria, edited by Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker,
and Philippe Rasoanaivo
Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times
Traditional Medicinal Plants and
Malaria
Edited by
Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker, and Philippe
Rasoanaivo

CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis
or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.”
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Traditional medicinal plants and
malaria/edited by Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker, Philippe Rasoanaivo. p. cm.—(Traditional
herbal medicines for modern times; v. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-
415-30112-2 (alk. paper) 1. Antimalarials. 2. Herbs—Therapeutic use. 3. Traditional medicine—
Tropics. I. Willcox, Merlin. II. Bodeker, Gerard. III. Rasoanaivo, Philippe. IV. Title. V. Series.
RC159.A5T735 2004 616.9'362061–dc22 2004043569
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the
consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or
internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page
photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-415-30112-
2/04/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion,
for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC
Press LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN 0-203-50232-9 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-57274-2 (Adobe e-Reader Format)
International Standard Book Number 0-415-30112-2 (Print Edition)
Library of Congress Card Number 2004043569
Dedication
To those who use nature to prevent and treat,
to those who rely on this for their healthcare, and
to those who seek to understand and make
nature’s wisdom available to all in the historic
and collective effort to combat malaria.
Contents

Foreword xxii

David A.Warrell
Introduction xxvi

Gerard Bodeker

PART 1 Traditional Medicine and Malaria Control

Chapter1 Malaria Control in Africa and the Role of Traditional Medicine 2

Andrew Y.Kitua and Hamisi M.Malebo

PART 2 Case Studies of Plant-Based Medicines for Malaria

Chapter2 Cinchona 22

Mark Honigsbaum and Merlin Willcox
Chapter3 Artemisia annua as a Traditional Herbal Antimalarial 48
Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker, Geneviève Bourdy, Vikas
Dhingra, Jacques Falquet, Jorge F.S.Ferreira, Bertrand Graz,
Hans-Martin Hirt, Elisabeth Hsu, Pedro Melillo de Magalhães,
Damien Provendier, and Colin W.Wright
Chapter4 Changshan (Dichroa febrifuga)—Ancient Febrifuge and Modern 69
Antimalarial: Lessons for Research from a Forgotten Tale
Sean Hsiang-lin Lei and Gerard Bodeker
Chapter5 Ayush-64 94

V.P.Sharma
Chapter6 Neem (Azadirachta indica) 103

Merlin Willcox and Joanne Chamberlain
Chapter7 Malarial-5: Development of an Antimalarial Phytomedicine in Mali 134
Drissa Diallo, Ababacar Maïga, Chiaka Diakité, and Merlin
Willcox
Chapter8 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta 151

Jonathan Addae-Kyereme
Chapter9 Strychnos myrtoides: A Case Study of a Chemosensitising 162
Medicinal Plant

David Ramanitrahasimbola, Jacques Ranaivoravo, Herintsoa
Rafatro, Philippe Rasoanaivo, and Suzanne Ratsimamanga-Urverg
PART 3 Ethnomedical Research

Chapter10 Frequency of Use of Traditional Herbal Medicines for the 186
Treatment and Prevention of Malaria: An Overview of the

Literature
Merlin Willcox and Gerard Bodeker
Chapter11 An Overview of Ethnobotanical Studies on Plants Used for the 217
Treatment of Malaria
Merlin Willcox, Gemma Burford, and Gerard Bodeker
Chapter12 The Discovery of Indigenous Febrifuges in the British East Indies, 231
c. 1700–1820
Mark Harrison
Chapter13 The Ayurvedic Perspective on Malaria 237
P.M.Unnikrishnan, S.N.Venugopal, Sarika D’Souza, and Darshan
Shankar
Chapter14 Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Studies on Traditional Antimalarials 248

Nina L.Etkin, Maria do Céu de Madureira, and Gemma Burford

PART 4 Laboratory Research

Chapter15 Pharmacological Properties of the Active Constituents of Some 265
Traditional Herbal Antimalarials
Colin W.Wright
Chapter16 Guidelines for the Nonclinical Evaluation of the Efficacy of 292
Traditional Antimalarials

Philippe Rasoanaivo, Eric Deharo, Suzanne Ratsimamanga-
Urverg, and François Frappier
Chapter17 Models for Studying the Effects of Herbal Antimalarials at 310
Different Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle
Dominique Mazier, J.K.Franetich, M.Carraz, O.Silvie, and P.Pino
Chapter18 Guidelines for the Preclinical Evaluation of the Safety of 321
Traditional Herbal Antimalarials
Merlin Willcox, Shingu K.Gamaniel, Motlalepula G.Matsabisa,
Jean René Randriasamimanana, Charles O.N.Wambebe, and
Philippe Rasoanaivo

PART 5 Clinical Research

Chapter19 An Overview of Clinical Studies on Traditional Herbal 341
Antimalarials
Merlin Willcox and Gerard Bodeker
Chapter20 Observational Methods for Assessing Traditional Antimalarials 357
BertrandGraz
Chapter21 Guidelines for Clinical Studies on Herbal Antimalarials 368

Merlin Willcox and Idowu Olanrewaju

PART 6 Repellence and Vector Control

Chapter22 An Overview of Plants Used as Insect Repellents 393

Sarah J.Moore and Annick D.Lenglet
Chapter23 Guidelines for Studies on Plant-Based Insect Repellents 418

Sarah J.Moore and RITAM Vector Control Group
Chapter24 An Overview of Plants Used for Malaria Vector Control 430

Adebayo A.Gbolade
Chapter25 Guidelines for Studies on Plant-Based Vector Control Agents 447
Adebayo A.Gbolade, Nzira Lukwa, Dibungi T.Kalenda, Christophe
Boëte, and Bart G.J.Knols

Epilogue: Prospects for the Future 472

Merlin Willcox
Glossary of Technical Terms and Abbreviations 478
Index 480