Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements

347 Pages·2010·1.2 MB·English

by  David A. Lynch

Trade and
Globalization

Trade and
Globalization
An Introduction to Regional
Trade Agreements
David A. Lynch
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham (cid:129) Boulder (cid:129) New York (cid:129) Toronto (cid:129) Plymouth, UK
To, from, and with Ann,
First Calvin and now Hobbes;
My heartfelt gratitude,
My heartfelt apology,
And always, love.
Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lynch, David A., 1966–
Trade and globalization : an introduction to regional trade agreements / David A.
Lynch.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7425-6688-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6689-7 (pbk. : alk.
paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6690-3 (electronic)
1. Commercial treaties. 2. International trade. 3. Regionalism—Economic aspects. 4.
Trade blocs. 5. Foreign trade regulation. I. Title.
HF1721.L96 2010
382´.91—dc22
2010014730
(cid:2) ™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
List of Boxes, Figures, and Tables viii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements: Making Sense of
the RTA Spaghetti Bowl 1
The Importance of RTAs 1
Why RTAs? 2
Controversies about RTAs 9
Typology of RTAs and Other Economic Agreements 18
Comparing RTAs/Variation in RTAs 25
Organization of This Book 45
2 Africa 47
African Monetary Unions 49
Context of African RTAs: African International Political
Economy (IPE) 50
RTAs in Africa 55
3 The Americas 85
South American RTAs 87
Context of South American RTAs: South American IPE—
Statism, Economic Liberalism, and Its Critics 89
Caribbean RTAs 91
v
vi Contents
Context of Caribbean RTAs: Caribbean IPE—Diversity,
Vulnerability, and Security 91
Context of Central American RTAs: Central American IPE—
History and Security 97
RTAs in the Americas 98
4 Asia 129
Context of East Asian RTAs: East Asian IPE (Of Tigers, Cubs,
Dragons, and Rising Suns) 130
Context of Southeast Asian RTAs: Southeast Asian IPE 134
Context of South Asian RTAs: South Asian IPE—
Can Geopolitics Be Overcome? 136
RTAs in Asia 137
5 Europe 153
Context of European RTAs: Why European Integration? 154
RTAs in Europe 157
6 Russia and the Former Soviet Republics 183
Context of RTAs in the Former Soviet Union Region:
IPE of Incomplete and Varied Transitions 184
RTAs in the Former Soviet Union 192
7 The Middle East and North Africa 203
Explaining Low Levels of MENA Integration in the Post–
World War II Period 205
Context of MENA RTAs: IPE of the MENA 208
RTAs in the Middle East and North Africa 210
8 The Pacific Islands 219
Context of Pacific Islands RTAs: IPE of the Pacific
Islands Region 220
RTAs in the Pacific Islands Region 221
9 Conclusion 231
RTAs: Façade or Real Structures? 231
RTAs: Dynamic, Not Static 232
Regional Patterns of RTAs 232
RTAs, Globalization, and International Political
Economy Theories 235
Concluding Thoughts: RTAs as Microcosms of Globalization 240
Contents vii
Appendix A The World Trade Organization 241
The Uruguay Round 242
The Doha Development Agenda 242
WTO Membership 242
Appendix B European Union Preferential Access Agreements 245
Appendix C US Free Trade Agreements and Pending Free
Trade Agreements 247
List of Abbreviations 251
Glossary 258
Notes 263
Bibliography 296
Index 312
About the Author 329
Since globalization is so dynamic, Trade and Globalization has a companion
website with additional original content including RTA maps, tables, updates
of key developments, and coverage of non-RTA international organizations
relating to trade and globalization such as the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD). The website will also have links to RTAs and other trade and
globalization resources.
Go to http://www.rowman.com/isbn/0742566897.
Boxes, Figures, and Tables
BOXES
1.1. Why RTAs? 2
1.2. Levels of RTA Integration 19
1.3. Nonpatent Hurdles to Affordable Medicines 37
1.4. Leading the Anti-IPR Charge 38
2.1. Cultural Geography of Africa 51
2.2. AGOA-Eligible Countries 55
2.3. CAEMC/CEMAC Membership 61
2.4. Total CFA Franc Zone Membership 63
2.5. CEN-SAD Membership 64
2.6. COMESA Membership 65
2.7. ECCAS/CEEAC Membership 70
2.8. ECOWAS Membership 71
2.9. IGAD Membership 75
2.10. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation
(IOR-ARC) Membership 76
2.11. CILSS Membership 77
2.12. Regional Integration Facilitation Forum (RIFF) Membership
(Formerly the Cross-Border Initiative) 78
2.13. SADC Membership 80
2.14. SWAC Membership 83
2.15. WAEMU/UEMOA Membership 83
3.1. Special Development Challenges Faced by Small States 95
3.2. ACS Membership 100
3.3. ALBA Members and Membership Date 101
viii
Boxes, Figures, and Tables ix
3.4. Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) Membership 103
3.5. SICA Membership and Associate Membership 108
3.6. Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) Membership 109
3.7. Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)/ALADI
Membership 112
3.8. MERCOSUR Membership 113
3.9. OECS Membership 125
3.10. ECCU Membership 126
3.11. Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) Membership 127
4.1. ASEAN Membership 137
4.2. APEC Membership 141
4.3. BIMSTEC Membership 143
4.4. SAARC and SAFTA Membership 150
5.1. BSEC Membership 157
5.2. CEFTA Membership 158
5.3. Chronology of EU Developments 162
6.1. CIS Membership 194
6.2. Eurasian Economic Community (EEC) Membership 197
6.3. Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Membership 198
6.4. GUUAM Organization Membership 199
6.5. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Membership 199
7.1. Cultural Geography of MENA 209
7.2. Arab League (AL) Membership 210
7.3. Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) and Arab
Common Market Membership 212
7.4. Pan Arab Free Trade Area (PAFTA) Membership 216
8.1. PIF, PACER, PICTA, and SIS Memberships 224
8.2. SPARTECA Membership 229
A.1. Countries Acceding to the WTO 243
FIGURES
1.1. Selected African RTAs’ Merchandise Exports, Billions of
US$, 2004 27
1.2. Measuring RTA Depth (Intensity) and Width (Size), Intra-RTA
Merchandise Imports and Exports, 2004 28
2.1. African RTA Spaghetti Venn Diagram 48
3.1. South American Spaghetti Venn Diagram 88
3.2. Caribbean Spaghetti Venn Diagram 92
4.1. Asian Spaghetti Venn Diagram 131