Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators

382 Pages·2002·20.14 MB·English

by  John P. Smol

Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments.
Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators
Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research
VOLUME 3
Tracking Environmental Change
Using Lake Sediments
Volume 3:
Terrestrial, Algal,
and Siliceous Indicators
Edited by
John P. Smol
Department of Biology,
Queen’s University
H. John B. Birks
Botanical Institute,
University of Bergen
and
William M. Last
Department of Geological Sciences,
University of Manitoba
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-47668-1
Print ISBN: 1-4020-0681-0
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Print ©2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht
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DEDICATION
Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Julian M. Szeicz.
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
The Editors xiv
Aims & Scope of Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Book Series xv
Editors and Board of Advisors of Developments in Paleoenvironmental
Research Book Series xvi
Contents of Volumes 1 to 4 xvii
Safety Considerations and Caution xx
List of Contributors xxi
1. Using biology to study long-term environmental change.
John P. Smol, H. John B. Birks & William M. Last 1
References
2. Pollen.
K. D. Bennett & K. J. Willis 5
Introduction
Where is pollen found?
Extraction from sediments
Identification
Data-handling
Presentation of results
Data analysis
Interpretation
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
3. Conifer stomata.
G. M. MacDonald 33
Introduction
Preparation, counting, identification and analysis
Comparison of stomata and pollen from modern lake sediments
Stomata and pollen records from lake sediment cores
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
4. Plant macrofossils.
H. H. Birks 49
Introduction
Brief history
vii
viii
Outline of methods
Indicator potential
Uses of plant macrofossils in palaeolimnology
Summary
Acknowledgements
Appendix 1
References
5. Charcoal as a fire proxy.
C. Whitlock & C. Larsen 75
Introduction
Charcoal production, transport, and deposition
Site selection
Chronology issues
Methods
Interpretation of charcoal records
Conclusions
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
6. Non-pollen palynomorphs.
B. van Geel 99
Introduction
Methods used
Indicator potential and applications of a selection of non-pollen palynomorphs
Conclusions and future directions
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
7. Protozoa: testate amoebae.
L. Beyens & R. Meisterfeld 121
Introduction
Methods
Applications
Other protozoa
Conclusions and future directions
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
8. Diatoms.
R. W. Battarbee, V.J. Jones, R.J. Flower, N.G. Cameron, H. Bennion,
L. Carvalho & S. Juggins 155
ix
Introduction
Biology
Distribution and ecology
Taphonomy and preservation
Field sampling and coring
Laboratory procedures
Data analysis and interpretation
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
9. Chrysophyte scales and cysts.
B. A. Zeeb & J. P. Smol 203
Introduction
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Methods
Paleolimnological applications
Future research directions
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
10. Ebridians.
A. Korhola & J. P. Smol 225
Introduction
Morphology, taxonomy and preservation in the sediments
Methodological aspects
Brief history of use of ebridians in palaeoecological research
Indicator value and future research priorities
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
11. Phytoliths.
D. R. Piperno 235
Introduction and history
Phytolithproduction and taxonomy
Laboratory methods
Applications of phytolith analysis in lake sediments
Summary of the major results
Other potential applications of phytoliths in lake sediments
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
x
12. Freshwater sponges.
T. M. Frost 253
Introduction
Sponge species and their distribution
Sponge life history
Sponge spicules
Paleolimnological studies using freshwater sponges
Techniques for assessing sponge spicules in sediments
Future applications of sponges in paleolimnology
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
13. Siliceous protozoan plates and scales.
M. S. V. Douglas & J. P. Smol 265
Introduction
History and taxonomy
Ecology
Paleoecological potential
Laboratory methods
Data presentation
Paleolimnological applications
Other related siliceous indicators
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
14. Biogenicsilica.
D.J. Conley & C.L Schelske 281
Introduction and history
Methods
Applications
Future directions
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
15. Sedimentary pigments.
P. R. Leavitt & D. A. Hodgson 295
Introduction
Pigments in lake sediments
Sediment collection, transportation and storage
Extraction of sedimentarypigments
Isolation of pigments
xi
Pigment identification
Identification of pigments using mass spectrometry
Conclusions
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations 327
Index 361