Trace Gas Emissions and Plants

335 Pages·2000·14.14 MB·English

by  R. M. MacKay

Trace Gas Emissions and Plants
Trace Gas Emissions
and Plants
Edited by
S.N. Singh
Environmental Science Division
National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, India
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-90-481-5554-5 ISBN 978-94-017-3571-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3571-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xv
1. GREENHOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING 1
R.M. MacKay and M.A.K. Khalil
Introduction 1
Earth's Energy Budget 2
Greenhouse Gases 10
Climate Observations 12
Detection and Attribution of Climate Change 14
Discussion and Concluding Remarks 24
References 26
2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND AlMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 29
AP. Mitra
Introduction 29
Atmospheric Environment: Role of Middle and Upper Atmosphere 30
Evolution of the Problem 31
Greenhouse Gases 33
The Changing Troposphere 39
Climatic Effect of CO, and other Minor Species 47
The Changing Stratosphere 48
Role of CFCs 50
Effects of Ozone Changes in Plant Growth and Photosynthesis 54
Impact on Man and Animals 54
The Middle Upper Atmosphere - Human Influences 55
Tropical Ozone 58
GHG Changes and the Middle and Upper Atmosphere 59
3. PLANT RESPONSES TO CHANGING CARBON DIOXIDE AND
TEMPERATURE 63
AJ. Rowland-Bamford
Introduction 63
Growth and Yield 64
Photosynthesis 66
Resource Allocation and TNC Changes 68
Water Use Efficiency 70
Conclusion 71
References 71
vii
viii
4. SOME TREE RESPONSES TO CO ENRICHMENT 75
2
Derek Eamus
Introduction 75
Assimilation Responses to CO 77
2
Temperature and CO Enrichment Interactions 81
2
Phloem Loading and Assimilation Sensitivity to CO 84
2
Stomatal Conductance Responses to CO Enrichment 85
2
Water Relations 87
Chemical Composition and Construction Costs of Leaves 90
Conclusions 91
References 92
5. INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF 0 AND CO IMPLICATIONS FOR
3 2:
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 97
D.M. Olszyk, D. T. Tingey, L Watrud, R. Seidler and C. Andersen
Introduction 97
The Pollution Problem: Co-occurrence of Increased 0 and CO 97
3 2
Summary l30
References l30
6. RESPONSE AND FEEDBACKS OF FOREST SYSTEMS TO GLOBAL
CHANGE 137
Robert K. Dixon and Joel B. Smith
Introduction 137
Materials and Methods l38
Results 144
Discussion 150
Summary 151
References 152
7. PLANT RESPONSES TO ELEVATED CO AND INTERACTIONS WITH
2
0 155
3
B. F. T. Rudorjf, Charles Lee Mulchi and Edward H. Lee
Introduction 155
Ozone 156
Physiological Impacts of 0 Exposure 156
3
Growth, Biomass and Yield under 0 Exposure 160
3
Carbon Dioxide 164
Physiological and Biochemical Effects of CO Enrichment 164
2
Growth, Biomass and Yield under CO Enrichment 167
2
Combined Effects of 0 Exposure and CO Enrichment 169
3 2
Summary 172
References 173
8. CH EMISSION AND OXIDATION IN RICE PADDIES 181
4
Wang Mingxing, Li Jing and Xiong Xiaozhen
Introduction 181
Results and Discussion 182
ix
Methane Oxidation in Rice Paddies 190
Summary 192
References 192
9. METHANE OXIDATION IN LANDFn.L COVER SOn.S 197
Pascal Boeckx and Oswald Van Cleemput
Introduction 197
Induction of Methane Oxidation 198
Properties of Methanotrophs 199
Factors Controlling Methane Oxidation 202
Aggregate Methane Oxidation of Landfill Cover Soils 208
Conclusions 210
References 211
10. NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS 215
Katsuyuki Minami
Introduction 215
The Budget of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide 215
Mechanism of Nitrous Oxide Production in Agricultural Fields 220
Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Emission 221
Mitigation Strategy 224
References 228
11. CLIMATE CHANGE WITH INCREASING N10 FLUXES 231
S.N. Singh
Introduction 231
Global Budget 232
Stratospheric Sinks 234
Biological Processes for Np Production 235
Factors Mfecting NP Fluxes 239
Mitigating Options 243
Interaction between N0 and CR. 243
2
Future Research 244
References 244
12. IMPACTS OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE: PAST, PRESENT AND LIKELY
FUTURE 249
E. Turcsanyi, J. Cardoso-Vi/hena, J. Daymond, C. Gillespie, L Balaguer, J.
Ollerenshaw and J. Barnes
Introduction 249
Impacts: the Past 250
Impacts: the Present 253
Impacts: the likely Future 260
Conclusions 265
References 266
x
13. INCREASED UV-B DUE TO DEPLETION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
AND ITS EFFECTS ON CROPS 273
Isamu Nouchi
Introduction 273
Artificial UV-B Supplementation Apparatus 274
Visible Injury and Growth Reduction by UV-B 276
Effects of UV-B Radiation on Physiological Process and Morphology 277
Competition 282
Yield 282
Reasons for Difference in UV-B Response of Plants between Growth Chambers or
Greenhouses and Field 286
Conclusions 286
References 286
14. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND NITROGEN
DEPOSITION, WITH EMPHASIS ON AMMONIA 291
Th. A. Dueck and L 1. Van der Eerden
Introduction 291
N Uptake and Metabolism 292
Effects 294
Relevance of Other Abiotic Factors 297
Conclusions 302
References 303
15. UPTAKE, TRANSPORT AND EMISSION OF AMMONIA BY THE
PLANTS 309
R. D. Tripathi', U. N. Rai' and H. S. Srivastava'
Introduction 309
Atmospheric Ammonia 310
Aquatic Ammonia 310
Uptake of Gaseous Ammonia 311
Transport of Ammonia in Plants 312
Ammonia Assimilation 313
Factors Affecting Uptake and Assimilation 315
Ammonia Phytotoxicity 315
Ammonia Emission from Plants 316
Model Simulating AImnonia Emission 316
Factors Affecting Ammonia Emission 318
Conclusions 320
References 320
Subject Index 325
Contributors
C. Andersen
United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Labomtory, Western Ecology Division, 200 S.W., 35TH Street,
Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
Luis Balaguer
Departmento de Biologia Vegetal I, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad
Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Jeremy Barnes
Department of Agricultuml and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK.
Pascal Boeckx
Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and
Applied Biological Sciences, University of Ghent, Coupure 653, B-9000 Gent,
Belgium.
J030 Cardoso-Vilhena
Department of Agricultuml and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK.
Oswald Van Cleemput
Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and
Applied Biological Sciences, University of Ghent, Coupure 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium.
Joanna Daymond
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEt 7RU, UK.
Robert K. Dixon
US Country Studies Program, CSMT, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, PO-6,
Washington, DC 20585, USA.
Th.A.Dueck
DLO Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 14, NL-67oo AA
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
xi
xii
Derek Eamus
School of Technology, Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales, NSW
2007, Australia.
Colin Gillespie
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK.
Li Jing
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
M. A. K. Khalil
Department of Physics, Portland State University, Post Office Box 751, Portland,
Oregon 97207-0751, USA.
Edward H. Lee
Climate Stress Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
Robert M. MacKay
Department of Physics and Meteorology, Clark College, 1800E McLoughlin Blvd.,
Vancouver, Washington 98663, USA.
Katsuyuki Minami
National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-1, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305, Japan.
Wang Mingxing
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.
A. P.Mitra
National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi - 110 012, India.
Charles Lee MuIchi
Department of Natural Resource Sciences & Landscape Architecture, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Isamu Nouchi
Research Planning Division, National Institute of Agro-EnvironmentaI Sciences, 3-1-1,
Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
John Ollerenshaw
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Ridley Building, University of
Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK.