Table Of Content

Trace Elements in Soils Plants and Fourth Edition © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Trace Elements in Soils Plants and Fourth Edition Alina Kabata-Pendias Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-9368-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kabata-Pendias, Alina. Trace elements in soils and plants / Alina Kabata-Pendias. -- 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-9368-1 (hardback) 1. Soils--Trace element content. 2. Plants--Effect of trace elements on. 3. Plants--Composition. 4. Trace elements. 5. Plant-soil relationships. I. Title. S592.6.T7K3 2010 631.4’1--dc22 2010033399 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Dedicated to the memory of my husband, Henryk Pendias, coauthor of the fi rst and second editions © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents Symbols ............................................................................................................................................xv Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................xvii Preface.............................................................................................................................................xxi Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................xxiii Authors ...........................................................................................................................................xxv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................xxvii Chapter 1 The Biosphere ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere .....................................................................................................5 I Introduction .......................................................................................................5 II Air Pollution ......................................................................................................7 III Water Pollution ................................................................................................12 IV Soil ...................................................................................................................14 A Soil Contamination ..................................................................................14 B Soil Remediation ......................................................................................27 C Phytoremediation .....................................................................................29 V Plants ...............................................................................................................31 A Biomonitoring ..........................................................................................33 Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes .............................................................................................37 I Introduction .....................................................................................................37 II Weathering Processes ......................................................................................40 III Pedogenic Processes ........................................................................................45 A Dissolution and Mobilization ...................................................................50 B Volatilization ............................................................................................56 C Sorption and Adsorption ..........................................................................56 D Speciation .................................................................................................58 E Transport and Budget ...............................................................................60 Chapter 4 Soil Constituents.........................................................................................................65 I Introduction .....................................................................................................65 II Trace Elements ................................................................................................65 III Minerals ...........................................................................................................68 A Clay Minerals and Other Aluminosilicates ..............................................69 B Oxides and Hydroxides ............................................................................70 C Carbonates ................................................................................................73 D Phosphates ................................................................................................73 E Sulfi des, Sulfates, and Chlorides ..............................................................75 IV Organic Matter ................................................................................................75 vii © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC viii Contents V Organisms in Soils ..........................................................................................82 A Microorganisms........................................................................................82 B Invertebrates .............................................................................................89 Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants ............................................................................................93 I Introduction .....................................................................................................93 II Absorption .......................................................................................................95 A Root Uptake ..............................................................................................96 B Foliar Uptake ............................................................................................98 III Translocation .................................................................................................100 IV Availability ....................................................................................................101 V Essentiality and Defi ciency ...........................................................................104 VI Toxicity and Tolerance...................................................................................109 VII Speciation ......................................................................................................117 VIII Interaction ......................................................................................................118 Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) .............................................................123 I Introduction ...................................................................................................123 II Lithium ..........................................................................................................123 A Introduction ............................................................................................123 B Soils ........................................................................................................123 C Plants ......................................................................................................125 III Rubidium .......................................................................................................127 A Introduction ............................................................................................127 B Soils ........................................................................................................127 C Plants ......................................................................................................127 IV Cesium ...........................................................................................................128 A Introduction ............................................................................................128 B Soils ........................................................................................................129 C Plants ......................................................................................................130 D Cesium Isotopes .....................................................................................130 Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) ...........................................................135 I Beryllium .......................................................................................................135 A Introduction ............................................................................................135 B Soils ........................................................................................................136 C Plants ......................................................................................................137 II Strontium .......................................................................................................138 A Introduction ............................................................................................138 B Soils ........................................................................................................139 C Plants ......................................................................................................140 D Strontium Isotopes ..................................................................................141 III Barium ...........................................................................................................142 A Introduction ............................................................................................142 B Soils ........................................................................................................143 C Plants ......................................................................................................143 IV Radium ..........................................................................................................144 A Introduction ............................................................................................144 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents ix B Soils ........................................................................................................145 C Plants ......................................................................................................145 Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) ..........................................................147 I Scandium .......................................................................................................147 A Introduction ............................................................................................147 B Soils ........................................................................................................147 C Plants ......................................................................................................148 II Yttrium...........................................................................................................149 A Introduction ............................................................................................149 B Soils ........................................................................................................149 C Plants ......................................................................................................150 III Lanthanides ...................................................................................................150 A Introduction ............................................................................................150 B Soils ........................................................................................................152 C Plants ......................................................................................................155 IV Actinides ........................................................................................................158 A Introduction ............................................................................................158 B Soils ........................................................................................................160 C Plants ......................................................................................................164 Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) .........................................................167 I Titanium ........................................................................................................167 A Introduction ............................................................................................167 B Soils ........................................................................................................167 C Plants ......................................................................................................168 II Zirconium ......................................................................................................170 A Introduction ............................................................................................170 B Soils ........................................................................................................170 C Plants ......................................................................................................170 III Hafnium .........................................................................................................172 A Introduction ............................................................................................172 B Soils ........................................................................................................172 C Plants ......................................................................................................172 Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) ...........................................................173 I Vanadium .......................................................................................................173 A Introduction ............................................................................................173 B Soils ........................................................................................................174 C Plants ......................................................................................................175 II Niobium .........................................................................................................177 A Introduction ............................................................................................177 B Soils ........................................................................................................178 C Plants ......................................................................................................178 III Tantalum ........................................................................................................179 A Introduction ............................................................................................179 B Soils ........................................................................................................179 C Plants ......................................................................................................179 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC x Contents Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) .........................................................181 I Chromium ......................................................................................................181 A Introduction ............................................................................................181 B Soils ........................................................................................................182 C Plants ......................................................................................................187 II Molybdenum ..................................................................................................190 A Introduction ............................................................................................190 B Soils ........................................................................................................191 C Plants ......................................................................................................193 1 Absorption and Biochemical Functions ............................................193 2 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................194 3 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................195 III Tungsten .........................................................................................................198 A Introduction ............................................................................................198 B Soils ........................................................................................................198 C Plants ......................................................................................................199 Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) ........................................................201 I Manganese .....................................................................................................201 A Introduction ............................................................................................201 B Soils ........................................................................................................203 C Plants ......................................................................................................207 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................207 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................208 3 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................210 4 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................210 II Technetium ....................................................................................................211 A Introduction ............................................................................................211 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................212 III Rhenium ........................................................................................................213 A Introduction ............................................................................................213 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................213 Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII).............................................215 I Iron ................................................................................................................215 A Introduction ............................................................................................215 B Soils ........................................................................................................216 C Plants ......................................................................................................220 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................220 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................220 3 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................222 4 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................222 II Ruthenium .....................................................................................................223 A Introduction ............................................................................................223 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................223 III Osmium .........................................................................................................225 A Introduction ............................................................................................225 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................225 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents xi Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII).............................................227 I Cobalt.............................................................................................................227 A Introduction ............................................................................................227 B Soils ........................................................................................................227 C Plants ......................................................................................................231 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................231 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................231 3 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................233 II Rhodium ........................................................................................................234 A Introduction ............................................................................................234 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................235 III Iridium ...........................................................................................................235 A Introduction ............................................................................................235 B Soils and Plants ......................................................................................235 Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) ...........................................237 I Nickel .............................................................................................................237 A Introduction ............................................................................................237 B Soils ........................................................................................................238 1 Soil Contamination ...........................................................................240 C Plants ......................................................................................................241 1 Absorption and Biochemical Functions ............................................241 2 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................245 3 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................245 II Palladium .......................................................................................................246 A Introduction ............................................................................................246 B Soils ........................................................................................................247 C Plants ......................................................................................................248 III Platinum .........................................................................................................249 A Introduction ............................................................................................249 B Soils ........................................................................................................249 C Plants ......................................................................................................250 Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) ...........................................................253 I Copper ...........................................................................................................253 A Introduction ............................................................................................253 B Soils ........................................................................................................253 1 Soil Contamination ...........................................................................258 C Plants ......................................................................................................260 1 Absorption and Biochemical Functions ............................................260 2 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................265 3 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................266 II Silver ..............................................................................................................268 A Introduction ............................................................................................268 B Soils ........................................................................................................269 C Plants ......................................................................................................270 III Gold ...............................................................................................................271 A Introduction ............................................................................................271 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC xii Contents B Soils ........................................................................................................271 C Plants ......................................................................................................272 Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) ...........................................275 I Zinc ................................................................................................................275 A Introduction ............................................................................................275 B Soils ........................................................................................................275 1 Contamination of Soils .....................................................................280 C Plants ......................................................................................................281 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................281 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................283 3 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................285 4 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................286 II Cadmium .......................................................................................................287 A Introduction ............................................................................................287 B Soils ........................................................................................................288 1 Contamination of Soils .....................................................................291 C Plants ......................................................................................................295 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................295 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................299 3 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................300 4 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................301 III Mercury .........................................................................................................304 A Introduction ............................................................................................304 B Soils ........................................................................................................305 1 Reactions with Soil Components ......................................................308 2 Contamination of Soil .......................................................................309 C Plants ......................................................................................................310 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................310 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................311 3 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................312 Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) ........................................................315 I Boron .............................................................................................................315 A Introduction ............................................................................................315 B Soils ........................................................................................................315 C Plants ......................................................................................................318 1 Absorption and Transport .................................................................318 2 Biochemical Functions ......................................................................320 3 Interactions with Other Elements .....................................................322 4 Concentrations in Plants ...................................................................322 II Aluminum ......................................................................................................325 A Introduction ............................................................................................325 B Soils ........................................................................................................325 C Plants ......................................................................................................326 III Gallium ..........................................................................................................328 A Introduction ............................................................................................328 B Soils ........................................................................................................328 C Plants ......................................................................................................329 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

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