Toxic air pollution : a comprehensive study of non-criteria air pollutants

321 Pages·1990·20.35 MB·English

by  Paul J. Lioy

TOXIC
PAUL J. LIOY
JOAN M. DAISEY
AIR POLLUTION
A Comprehensive Study of
Non-Criteria Air Pollutants
.
Boca Raton London New York
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First published 1987 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Toxic air pollution.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Airborne Toxic Element and Organic Substances Project
(N.J.) 2. Air—Pollution—Toxicology —New Jersey. 3.
Air—Pollution—New Jersey. I. Lioy, Paul J. II. Daisey, J. M.
III. Airborne Toxic Element and Organic Substances Project (N.J.)
[DNLM: 1. Air Pollutants—toxicity. 2. Air
Pollution—analysis—New Jersey. WA 754 T7545]
RA576.6.N5T68 1987 363.7’3922’09749 86-20136
ISBN 0-87371-057-6
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 86020136
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the original copies may be apparent.
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The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have
been unable to contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89824-7 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07734-7 (ebk)
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Dedicated to all of the ATEOS scientists

Preface
Industrial success commonly results in relatively high population density,
and has produced the concomitant and, at times, synergistic problems of
air, water, and soil pollution. Petrochemical facilities, motor vehicles, metal
processing industries, and home space heaters are just a few of the litany of
pollution sources that have led to contamination in the environment. In
aggregate, these problems are widely thought to be related to elevated can-
cer mortality.
The State of New Jersey, being an industrial leader, is intensely interested
in this vital area. The state continues to play an important role in the
development and growth of our nation, as it has since colonial times. One
of the manifestations of that role in today's world was its active support of
the Airborne Toxic Element and Organic Substances project (ATEOS).
Although notable improvements in New Jersey air quality have been
brought about by shifts in the types of fuels used, a reduction in industrial
production, and environmental regulatory actions, there is a continuing
concern across a wide spectrum of groups about the role of air quality in
cancer mortality incidence. It is with this backdrop that the ATEOS project
evolved.
Historically, scientists attempting to link concentrations of air pollutants
to lung cancer mortality incidence have been constrained by the quantity
and quality of data used to estimate exposure. For example, due to the lack
of more direct measures of carcinogenicity, sulfur dioxide, total suspended
paniculate matter, and smoke-shade measurements have been inappropri-
ately utilized in various epidemiological studies as surrogates for human
exposure to airborne carcinogens. As air quality improves, more specific
information is necessary to understand the role of air pollution in lung
cancer mortality incidence. Further, it has become possible to develop a
better understanding of the possible role of specific airborne pollutants in
lung cancer mortality incidence, due to the evolution of air quality monitor-
ing and analytical techniques. Thus, the ATEOS project was developed to
begin to establish quantitative information related to human exposures to
airborne carcinogens and to answer the following questions related to
selected air pollutants in the New Jersey atmosphere:
1. What are the levels and distribution of biologically active pollutants?
2. What are the potential impacts of environmental factors on the atmo-
spheric concentration?
3. What are the major source types contributing to ambient levels?
4. What are the health risks associated with exposure to specific substances?
As can be seen in the eight chapters comprising this volume, virtually all
goals of the ATEOS project were achieved. Because of these accomplish-
ments, the evolution of more focused governmental regulatory, enforce-
ment, and monitoring efforts can be undertaken to begin to reduce expo-
sures to outdoor airborne carcinogens and to quantify the degree of success
of such efforts. Completion of the project does not mean that further
research efforts are unnecessary. In fact, the ATEOS project proves the
need for additional research and already has precipitated the following
efforts in New Jersey:
• total exposure studies
• source-specific VOC studies
• combustion source characterization studies
• investigation of airborne mutagens in extractable organic matter
Through the completion of these new initiatives and other studies, a more
complete understanding of the role of airborne carcinogens in cancer mor-
tality incidence will be documented. While an overall increase in the under-
standing of exposure to airborne carcinogens in the New Jersey environ-
ment is important, the technical tools available to accurately estimate health
risks are very crude at best, and new epidemiological studies must be
designed for other significant problem areas.
The purpose of this book is to: (1) summarize and present the major
findings of the ATEOS study, which in turn (2) makes available, as aver-
ages, the concentrations of the many toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic
pollutants measured, in a convenient and accessible form, for scientists,
regulators, educators, and students in air pollution.
It is our hope that this book will provide a historical data base of ambient
toxic air pollutant measurements for future trend analysis, as well as for
assessing total exposure and indoor air pollution relationships, and that it
will provide a comprehensive major resource for designing and implement-
ing future studies.
Paul J. Lioy
Joan M. Daisey
Ronald D. Harkov
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Authors
Thomas Atherholt is a graduate of Gettysburg College. He received his PhD
degree from Rutgers University in 1978. Following work at Cappel and
Cannon Laboratories, he joined the Department of Microbiology at the
Coriell Institute for Medical Research in 1980, where he currently heads the
Environmental Mutagen Research Laboratory. Dr. Atherholt is involved in
research and development on detection and characterization of environ-
mental mutagens.
Joseph Bozzelli received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Marietta
College and a PhD in physical chemistry from Princeton University. He is
Professor of Chemistry and Co-Director of the Air Pollution Research
Laboratory at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. He has published 50
papers in gas-phase chemical kinetics and air pollution analysis, and is
interested in the kinetics and mechanisms of decomposition of chlorocar-
bons into hydrocarbons.
Joan Daisey is the head of the Chemistry Group and the Indoor Air Pro-
gram of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California. She was trained as a
physical chemist and received her PhD from Seton Hall University. She is a
member of a number of numerous professional organizations, including the
American Chemical Society, the Air Pollution Control Association, Sigma
Xi, the New York Academy of Sciences, the American Conference of
Industrial Hygienists, and the American Association for Aerosol Research.
She is currently serving on the board of directors of the American Associa-
tion for Aerosol Research and is a member of the APCA Committees on
Indoor Air Quality Receptor Modeling and Toxic Air Pollutants.
Dr. Daisey's research over the past decade has been directed toward
assessing human exposures to toxic and carcinogenic organic pollutants in
outdoor and indoor atmospheres and developing a better understanding of
the nature, sources, dynamics, and atmospheric reactions of organic pollu-
tants. She is also involved in research on the effects of complex environ-
mental mixtures in microbial and mammalian bioassays.
Arthur Greenberg received his bachelor's degree from Fairleigh Dickinson
University in chemistry and his PhD in physical organic chemistry from
Princeton University. He is currently Professor of Chemistry and Co-
Director of the Air Pollution Research Laboratory at the New Jersey Insti-
tute of Technology. He has published 60 papers and 5 books in the areas of
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strained molecules, stereochemistry, and air pollution analysis. Current
interests involve reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and struc-
tures of unusual molecules.
Ronald Harkov is Manager of the Monitoring Development Unit in the
Office of Science and Research of the New Jersey Department of Environ-
mental Protection. Dr. Harkov's research interests include measurement
techniques for noncriteria air pollutants (NCAP) in source emissions and
ambient samples, exposure assessment methodologies for trace contami-
nants, and the evaluation of acid deposition in the environment. In addition
to his work with NCAP, Dr. Harkov is an adjunct faculty member in the
Department of Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, where he is assisting in
the direction of research concerned with air pollution effects on plants.
Barbara Kebbekus received her undergraduate degree in chemistry from
Rosemont College and her PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, in
analytical chemistry. She is, at present, Professor of Chemistry, Assistant
Head of the Chemistry Division, and Co-director of the Air Pollution
Research Laboratory at The New Jersey Institute of Technology. She has
published 15 papers in the field of air pollution analysis, predominantly
dealing with the determination of trace organic vapors in ambient atmo-
spheres.
Paul J. Lioy is an Associate Professor and Director of the Exposure Mea-
surement and Assessment Division of the Department of Environmental
and Community Medicine of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at the
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ). He is also a
Director in the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute
of UMDNJ and Rutgers University. He received a PhD in environmental
sciences at Rutgers University. He is a member of the Air Pollution Control
Association, Sigma Xi, the American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygienists (ACGIH), and the American Association for Aerosol
Research, and he was named a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sci-
ences in 1980.
Dr. Lioy is currently Chairman of the APCA Editorial Review Board,
and has served as chairman or as a member of numerous committees. He is
Chair of the ACGIH Air Sampling Instruments Committee, and was editor
of the sixth edition of Air Sampling Instruments. He also serves as a con-
sultant to the Science Advisory Board of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.
Dr. Lioy's research is directed toward understanding the dynamic process
of human exposure to environmental pollutants. This includes chemical
characterization and human health effects field studies. His major interests
include irritant species as well as carcinogenic compounds. Recently Dr.
viii
Lioy has initiated studies in the total exposure of humans to individual
compounds, with multiple pathways to man.
Judith B. Louis received her PhD in chemistry from New York University in
1976. She is currently a Research Scientist in the Office of Science and
Research of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Her
research interests include the use of biological tests in the evaluation of
toxicity of complex environmental samples, the development of new meth-
ods for extracting organic matter from environmental samples, and the
evaluation of exposure to pesticides.
Gerard J. McGarrity is a graduate of St. Joseph's University and Thomas
Jefferson University, both in Philadelphia. He is President of the Coriell
Institute for Medical Research and is an adjunct professor at Thomas Jef-
ferson University, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, and
the State University of New York. His areas of investigation are environ-
mental mutagenesis and mycoplasmas. Doctor McGarrity is past President
of the Tissue Culture Association. From 1980-1985 he was a member of the
Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of NIH, and he is still Chairman
of its Working Group on Environmental Release. He is author or co-author
of more than one hundred articles in his areas of interest.
Leslie J. McGeorge received her MSPH in environmental chemistry and
biology from the Public Health School at the University of North Carolina
in 1980. She is currently a Research Scientist in the Office of Science and
Research of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Her
research interests include the development and application of biological test
systems to monitor the toxicity of environmental media, the evaluation of
new techniques for contaminant detection in wastewaters, and the measure-
ment and treatment of hazardous contaminants in potable water.
Maria T. Morandi is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Texas
School of Public Health in Houston. After completing her primary, second-
ary, and preparatory education in Montevideo, Uruguay, she moved to New
York City in 1972. There she received a BS in chemistry from City College
of New York, and MS and PhD degrees in environmental health science
from New York University's Institute of Environmental Medicine. Dr.
Morandi's interdisciplinary research interests are characterization of indoor
and outdoor air pollutants, air pollution source apportionment modeling,
and determination of human exposures to ambient contaminants. She is an
active member of the Air Pollution Control Association local chapter, and a
member of the Environmental Committee of the San Jacinto Chapter of the
American Lung Association.
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