Towards Responsible Machine Translation: Ethical and Legal Considerations in Machine Translation

242 Pages·2023·3.392 MB·English

by  Helena Moniz, Carla Parra Escartín

Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications
Series Editor: Andy Way
Helena Moniz
Carla Parra Escartín   Editors
Towards
Responsible
Machine
Translation
Ethical and Legal Considerations in
Machine Translation
Machine Translation: Technologies and
Applications
Volume 4
Editor-in-Chief
AndyWay,ADAPTCentre,DublinCityUniversity,Dublin,Ireland
EditorialBoardMember
Sivaji Bandyopadhyay, National Institute Of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam,
India
This book series tackles prominent issues in MT at a depth which will allow these
bookstoreflectthecurrentstate-of-the-art,whilesimultaneouslystandingthetestof
time.Eachbooktopicwillbeintroducedsoitcanbeunderstoodbyawideaudience,
yet will also include the cutting-edge research and development being conducted
today.
MachineTranslation(MT)isbeingdeployedforarangeofuse-casesbymillions
of people on a daily basis. Google Translate and FaceBook provide billions of
translationsdailyacrossmanylanguage.Almost1billionusersseethesetranslations
eachmonth.WithMTbeingembeddedinplatformslikethiswhichareavailableto
everyonewithaninternetconnection,onenolongerhastoexplainwhatMTisona
general level. However, the number of people who really understand its inner
workingsismuchsmaller.
The series includes investigations of different MT paradigms (Syntax-based
StatisticalMT,NeuralMT,Rule-BasedMT),Qualityissues(MTevaluation,Quality
Estimation), modalities (Spoken Language MT) and MT in Practice (Post-Editing
andControlledLanguageinMT),topicswhichcutrightacrossthespectrumofMT
asitisusedtodayinrealtranslationworkflows.
For inquiries and submission of proposals please contact the Series Editor,
AndyWay.
(cid:129)
Helena Moniz Carla Parra Escartín
Editors
Towards Responsible
Machine Translation
Ethical and Legal Considerations in Machine
Translation
Editors
HelenaMoniz CarlaParraEscartín
SchoolofArtsandHumanities Research&Development
UniversityofLisbon RWSLanguageWeaver
Lisbon,Portugal Dublin,Ireland
ISSN2522-8021 ISSN2522-803X (electronic)
MachineTranslation:TechnologiesandApplications
ISBN978-3-031-14688-6 ISBN978-3-031-14689-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14689-3
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Foreword
AswiththepreviousvolumeeditedbyMichaelCarl,Iamdelightedtowriteafew
words to be included at the beginning of the fourth book in our series on Machine
Translation:TechnologiesandApplications.Sofar,wehaveseenhowsolutionsto
problems for MT might be found by looking at how the brain works, how MT
quality can be evaluated, and how MT is used in practice. Now that MT is in
widespread use, it is time to look—as is happening in AI more generally—at how
itcanbeusedinaresponsiblemanner.
Volume 4 in the series is entitled Towards Responsible Machine Translation:
EthicalandLegalConsiderationsinMachineTranslation,acollectionof11chap-
ters edited by two of the nicest people in the field of MT and Translation, Helena
MonizandCarlaParraEscartín.Afteranintroductionbytheeditors,themainbody
of the book consists of three separate but related parts: (1) Responsible Machine
Translation: Ethical, Philosophical and Legal Aspects; (2) Responsible Machine
Translation from the End-User Perspective; and (3) Responsible Machine Transla-
tion:SocietalImpact.Altogether,thereare23contributors,allofwhomareexperts
in their respective areas, so there will be plenty of interest in this volume for sure,
whetherthereaderisinterestedinlookingatthetopicfromanethicalpointofview,
licensingissues,andownershiprights;orfromauserperspective,topicssurrounding
post-editing of MT output, the impact of MT on the reader, and other issues of
automation;orissuesofbias,theimpactoflargeAImodelsontheplanetweliveon,
andtheverytopicalsubjectofprivacy.
Eachreaderofthisvolumewillbemoreorlessathomeindifferentsectionsofthe
book, but none, I contend, will argue against the inclusion of all these topics in a
singlecoherentvolume.Perhapsyouhaveneverthoughtaboutthesetopicsbefore,
andwillbeinspiredtofollowuptheworkpresentedhere;attheveryleast,whenyou
arewritingaboutissuesonresponsibleAI(andespeciallyMT)inthefuture—atopic
thatcannolongerbeignored—youwillknowwheretocomeforaperspectiveonall
theseissuesaswellasathoroughsetofreferences.
Assuch,thisvolumefillsanimportantgapinthefield,providinganencapsula-
tion of the state of the art, and pointers to future work in the area, especially for
v
vi Foreword
newcomers to the topic who are well versed in ethics and legal issues from other
applicationareas,butalsotolongstandingresearchersinthediscipline,likeme,who
haveperhapsburiedtheirheadinthesandfortoolong.Assuch,Iamdelightedthat
HelenaandCarlaagreedtotakeupthischallengeinthefirstplace,andthebookthey
havedeliveredis,Ithink,essentialreadingforusall.
ADAPTCentre,DublinCityUniversity, AndyWay
Dublin,Ireland
Acknowledgements
Many stakeholders have been involved in the process of preparing this book for
publication,andwearegratefultoallofthem fortheirpatiencewith usduringthe
wholeprocessandfortheirconstantsupport.
First of all we would like to thank Sharon O’Brien for inspiring us to work on
researchrelatedwithEthicsandMTduringtheINTERACTprojectandAndyWay
forencouragingustogobeyondwritingabookchapterandembarkingonthisbook
project. Without his encouragement and support in the very early stages of this
project,thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossible.
Weareverygratefultoalltheauthorswhocontributedtothisvolume.Editinga
bookinthemiddleofapandemichasbroughtaboutadditionalchallengesandyour
efforts and contributions to the book have been paramount in making this book a
reality. We also sympathise deeply with those authors that had to decline our
invitation or had to withdraw their contribution due to the harsh conditions of the
pandemic.
WearealsoverygratefultooureditorsatSpringer,SowmyaThodurandShina
Harshavardhan,forallthesupportalongthisjourney,thenumerousemailshelping
usnavigatethroughtheprocess,andtheirpatience.
Lastbutcertainlynotleast,wewouldliketothankourfamiliesandclosefriends
andcolleaguesfortheircontinuoussupportduringthisproject.Youallunderstood
theimportanceofthistopicandhavegivenusthemuch-neededenergytocomplete
it.Withoutyoursupportitwouldhavebeenpossible,butcertainlymuchharder.
HelenaMonizandCarlaParraEscartín
vii
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
HelenaMonizandCarlaParraEscartín
PartI ResponsibleMachineTranslation:Ethical,Philosophical
andLegalAspects
2 ProlegomenontoContemporaryEthicsofMachineTranslation. .. 11
WesselReijersandQuinnDupont
3 TheEthicsofMachineTranslation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
AlexandrosNousias
4 LicensingandUsageRightsofLanguageDatainMachine
Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
MikelL.Forcada
5 AuthorshipandRightsOwnershipintheMachineTranslation
Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
MiguelL.LacruzMantecón
PartII ResponsibleMachineTranslationfromtheEnd-User
Perspective
6 TheEthicsofMachineTranslationPost-editingintheTranslation
Ecosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
CeliaRicoandMaríadelMarSánchezRamos
7 EthicsandMachineTranslation:TheEndUserPerspective. . . . . . 113
AnaGuerberof-ArenasandJossMoorkens
ix
x Contents
8 Ethics,AutomatedProcesses,MachineTranslation,andCrises. . . 135
FedericoM.Federici,ChristopheDeclercq,JorgeDíazCintas,
andRocíoBañosPiñero
PartIII ResponsibleMachineTranslation:SocietalImpact
9 GenderandAgeBiasinCommercialMachineTranslation. . . . . . . 159
FedericoBianchi,TommasoFornaciari,DirkHovy,
andDeboraNozza
10 TheEcologicalFootprintofNeuralMachineTranslation
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
DimitarShterionovandEvaVanmassenhove
11 TreatingSpeechasPersonallyIdentifiableInformation
andItsImpactinMachineTranslation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
IsabelTrancoso,FranciscoTeixeira,CatarinaBotelho,
andAlbertoAbad