Towards 5G : applications, requirements & candidate technologies

460 Pages·2017·8.359 MB·English

by  Talwar, Shilpa, Vannithamby, Rath

Towards 5G
Towards 5G
applicaTions, requiremenTs
and candidaTe TechnoloGies
edited by
rath Vannithamby and shilpa Talwar
Intel Corporation, USA
This edition first published 2017
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Vannithamby, Rath, editor. | Talwar, Shilpa, editor.
Title: Towards 5G : applications, requirements & candidate technologies /
edited by Rath Vannithamby and Shilpa Talwar.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016019944| ISBN 9781118979839 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118979914 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Mobile communication systems–Research.
Classification: LCC TK5103.2 .T6835 2017 | DDC 621.3845/6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016019944
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover Image: Gettyimages/Prykhodov
Gettyimages/Robert Mandel
Gettyimages/BsWei
Gettyimages/cybrain
Gettyimages/d_arth
Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors xv
List of Acronyms xix
About the Companion Website xxxi
Part I Overview of 5G 1
1 Introduction 3
Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations 3
1.2 Moving Towards 5G 4
1.3 5G Networks and Devices 5
1.4 Outline of the Book 7
References 8
2 5G Requirements 9
Anass Benjebbour, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Emerging Trends in Mobile Applications and Services 10
2.2.1 New Types of Mobile Device 10
2.2.2 Video Streaming and Download Services 11
2.2.3 Machine‐to‐machine Services 11
2.2.4 Cloud Services 12
2.2.5 Context‐based and Location‐based Services 13
2.2.6 Broadcast Services 14
2.2.7 Summary 14
2.3 General Requirements 15
2.3.1 Capacity Requirements 15
2.3.2 User Data‐rate Requirements 17
2.3.3 Latency Requirements 17
vi Contents
2.3.3.1 User‐plane Latency 18
2.3.3.2 Control‐plane Latency 18
2.3.4 Massive Device Connectivity 19
2.3.5 Energy Saving and Robustness against Emergencies 20
2.3.6 Summary 21
References 21
3 Collaborative 5G Research within the EU Framework of Funded Research 23
Michael Faerber
3.1 Rationale for 5G Research and the EU’s Motivation 23
3.2 EU Research 25
3.2.1 History 25
3.2.2 EU Bodies, Structure, Roles, and Project Creation 27
3.2.3 Project Creation and Operation 28
3.2.3.1 Project Creation 29
3.2.3.2 Project Operation 30
3.2.4 Details of the FP8 Program 30
3.2.5 European Technology Platforms and Public–Private Partnerships 31
3.2.6 Other Funded Research 32
References 33
4 5G: Transforming the User Wireless Experience 34
David Ott, Nageen Himayat, and Shilpa Talwar
4.1 Introduction 34
4.2 Intel’s Vision of 5G Technologies 34
4.2.1 Enabling New Spectrum 35
4.2.2 Increasing Spectrum Efficiency 36
4.2.3 Exploiting Multiple Radio Access Technologies 37
4.2.4 Awareness of Application‐specific Service Quality 38
4.2.5 Exploiting Context Awareness 38
4.2.6 Improving Device Power Efficiency 39
4.3 Intel Strategic Research Alliance on 5G 40
4.4 ISRA 5G Technical Objectives and Goals 40
4.4.1 Goal 1: Network Capacity 41
4.4.2 Goal 2: Uniform Connectivity Experience 41
4.4.3 Goal 3: Service Quality and User Experience 42
4.5 ISRA 5G Project Summaries 42
4.5.1 Higher, Denser, Wilder: Massively Broadband
and Adaptive Wireless for 5th Generation Wireless Communications 42
4.5.2 Fundamental Limits, Self‐organization, and
Context Awareness for Integrated Cellular
and D2D Architectures 44
4.5.3 LAWS: Large Arrays and Wide Spectrum 45
4.5.4 A System View of Interference Management: Radio Circuits,
PHY Mechanisms, and Protocol Designs 46
Contents vii
4.5.5 Dynamic Cloud Services Spectrum Sharing Algorithms and
Mechanisms for B4G Networks 47
4.5.6 Fundamentals of Spectrum Sharing in Device‐to‐Device and 
Heterogeneous Communication Networks 48
4.5.7 Structured Sharing of Network and Compute Resources in a
Community of Devices 48
4.5.8 A Unified Framework for Enabling Energy‐efficient Mobile
Internet Apps and Energy‐efficient Cloud Offloading 49
References 50
Part II Candidate Technologies – Evolutionary 53
5 Towards Green and Soft 55
Chih‐Lin I and Shuangfeng Han
5.1 Chapter Overview 55
5.2 Efforts on Green and Soft 5G Networks 56
5.3 Rethink Shannon: EE and SE Co‐design for a Green Network 57
5.3.1 EE and SE Co‐design Fundamentals 57
5.3.2 5G Candidate Technologies with EE–SE Co‐design 61
5.3.2.1 Hybrid BF for LSAS 61
5.3.2.2 NOMA with EE–SE Co‐design 65
5.4 “No More Cell” for a Green and Soft Network 67
5.4.1 C‐RAN: An Enabling Element for 5G 67
5.4.2 Rethink Signaling and Control for “No More Cell” 70
5.4.3 Service Aggregator: to Accommodate Trillions of Nodes in 5G 73
5.4.3.1 Aggregation of Packet Data from Multiple MTC Devices 74
5.4.3.2 Two Relay Modes of the Aggregators 75
5.5 Summary 75
Acknowledgments 76
References 76
6 Proactive Caching in 5G Small Cell Networks 78
Ejder Baştuğ, Mehdi Bennis, and Mérouane Debbah
6.1 Small Cell Networks: Past, Present and Future Trends 78
6.2 Cache‐enabled Proactive Small Cell Networks 80
6.3 System Model 81
6.4 Proactive Caching at Base Stations 82
6.4.1 Numerical Results and Discussions 83
6.5 Proactive Caching at User Terminals 85
6.5.1 Numerical Results and Discussions 88
6.6 Related Work and Research Directions 90
6.6.1 Proactive Caching and Content Popularity Estimation 92
6.6.2 Approximation Algorithms 92
6.6.3 Coded Caching Gains 93
6.6.4 Joint Designs 94
6.6.5 Mobility 94
viii Contents
6.6.6 Energy Consumption 94
6.6.7 Deployment Aspects 94
6.7 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgments 95
References 95
7 Modeling Multi‐Radio Coordination and Integration in Converged
Heterogeneous Networks 99
Olga Galinina, Sergey Andreev, Alexander Pyattaev, Mikhail Gerasimenko,
Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Kerstin Johnsson, and Shu‐ping Yeh
7.1 Enabling Technologies for Multi‐Radio Heterogeneous Networks 99
7.1.1 Understanding Challenges in Mobile Wireless Networking 99
7.1.2 5G Technology Trends: Heterogeneous Networks 101
7.1.3 5G Technology Trends: Direct Communications 103
7.1.4 Focus and Contributions of our 5G Research 104
7.2 Comprehensive Methodology for Space‐Time Network Analysis 105
7.2.1 Capabilities of the Proposed Mathematical Approach 105
7.2.2 Proposed Taxonomy for HetNets 106
7.2.3 General Assumptions of the Model 108
7.2.4 The HetNet Operation Considered 112
7.3 Analysis of Random Dynamic HetNets 114
7.3.1 Core Stochastic Model 114
7.3.1.1 Tier Types I and II Analysis 115
7.3.1.2 Tier Type III Analysis 115
7.3.2 Calculating the Steady‐State Distribution 116
7.3.3 Characterizing Transitions for Important HetNet Examples 118
7.3.3.1 Tier Type I Transitions 118
7.3.3.2 Tier Type II Transitions 119
7.3.3.3 Tier Type III Transitions 120
7.4 Quantifying Performance with System‐level Evaluations 121
7.4.1 Features of our 5G System‐level Simulator 121
7.4.2 Discussing Representative Numerical Results 123
7.5 Summary and Conclusions 126
Acknowledgments 126
References 126
8 Distributed Resource Allocation in 5G Cellular Networks 129
Monowar Hasan and Ekram Hossain
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Multi‐tier 5G Cellular: Overview and Challenges 132
8.2.1 Overview 132
8.2.2 Challenges in Radio Resource Management for
Multi‐tier Cellular Systems 132
8.3 System Model 135
8.3.1 Network Model and Assumptions 135
8.3.2 Achievable Data Rate 136
8.3.3 Formulation of the Resource Allocation Problem 137
Contents ix
8.4 Resource Allocation using Stable Matching 139
8.4.1 Concept of Matching 139
8.4.2 Utility Function and Preference Profile 140
8.4.3 Algorithm Development 140
8.4.4 Stability, Optimality, and Complexity of the Solution 142
8.4.4.1 Stability 142
8.4.4.2 Optimality 142
8.4.4.3 Complexity 143
8.5 Message‐passing Approach for Resource Allocation 143
8.5.1 Overview of the MP Scheme 144
8.5.2 Reformulation of the Resource Allocation Problem Utilizing
the MP Approach 144
8.5.3 Effective Implementation of MP Scheme in a Practical
Heterogeneous Network 146
8.5.4 Algorithm Development 148
8.5.5 Convergence, Optimality, and Complexity of the Solution 149
8.5.5.1 Convergence and Optimality 149
8.5.5.2 Complexity 151
8.6 Auction‐based Resource Allocation 151
8.6.1 Overview of the Auction Approach 151
8.6.2 Auction for Radio Resource Allocation 152
8.6.2.1 Cost Function 153
8.6.2.2 Update of Cost and Bidder Information 153
8.6.3 Algorithm Development 154
8.6.4 Convergence, Complexity, and Optimality
of the Auction Approach 155
8.6.4.1 Convergence and Complexity 155
8.6.4.2 Optimality 156
8.7 Qualitative Comparison of the Resource Allocation Schemes 157
8.8 Summary and Conclusion 157
References 159
Additional Reading 160
9 Device‐to‐Device Communications 162
Andreas F. Molisch, Mingyue Ji, Joongheon Kim,
Daoud Burghal, and Arash Saber Tehrani
9.1 Introduction and Motivation 162
9.2 Propagation Channels 163
9.2.1 Pathloss 164
9.2.2 Delay Dispersion 165
9.2.3 Temporal Variations 165
9.3 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 166
9.3.1 Neighbor Discovery 166
9.3.2 Channel Estimation 168
9.4 Mode Selection and Resource Allocation 170
9.4.1 Mode Selection 170
9.4.2 Resource Allocation 172
x Contents
9.5 Scheduling 175
9.5.1 In‐band D2D 175
9.5.2 Out‐of‐band D2D 176
9.5.3 FlashLinQ and ITLinQ 177
9.6 Multi‐hop D2D 180
9.7 Standardization 183
9.8 Applications 184
9.8.1 Content Distribution in Social Networks 184
9.8.2 Video Distribution 184
9.8.3 Roadside Infostations 185
9.8.4 Emergency Communications 185
9.8.5 Distributed Storage Systems 186
9.8.6 Smart Grids 186
9.9 D2D for Video 186
9.9.1 Random Caching and Unicasting 187
9.9.2 Coded Caching and Multicasting 188
9.9.3 Simulation Results 189
9.10 Conclusions 191
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
10 Energy‐efficient Wireless OFDMA Networks 199
Cong Xiong and Geoffrey Ye Li
10.1 Overview 199
10.2 Energy Efficiency and Energy‐efficient Wireless Networks 200
10.3 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in OFDMA 201
10.3.1 Fundamentals of the EE–SE Relationship 203
10.3.2 Impacts of System Parameters on the EE–SE Tradeoff 205
10.4 Energy Efficiency, Power, and Delay Tradeoff in OFDMA 208
10.4.1 Relationship between EE and Transmit Power 211
10.4.2 EE and Delay Tradeoff 212
10.5 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Downlink OFDMA 212
10.5.1 Optimal Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation 214
10.5.2 Low‐complexity Suboptimal Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation 214
10.6 Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink OFDMA 217
10.6.1 Optimal Energy‐efficient Resource Allocation 218
10.6.2 Low‐complexity Suboptimal Energy‐efficient
Resource Allocation 218
10.7 Concluding Remarks 219
References 220
11 Advanced Multiple‐access and MIMO Techniques 222
NOMA sections: Anass Benjebbour, Anxin Li, Kazuaki Takeda,
Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura SV‐MIMO sections: Yuki Inoue, Yoshihisa
Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Non‐orthogonal Multiple Access 225
Contents xi
11.2.1 Concept 225
11.2.1.1 Comparison with Orthogonal User Multiplexing 226
11.2.1.2 Motivations and Benefits of NOMA 227
11.2.2 Link‐level Considerations 228
11.2.3 System‐level Considerations 231
11.2.3.1 NOMA Signaling Overhead 233
11.2.3.2 Performance in Low‐ and High‐Mobility Scenarios 235
11.2.3.3 Combination of NOMA and MIMO 235
11.3 Smart Vertical MIMO 238
11.3.1 Grouping of Antenna Elements for 3D MIMO 238
11.3.2 Adaptive Grouping of Antenna Elements using SV‐MIMO 240
11.3.3 Performance Evaluation and Field Experiments 242
11.4 Conclusion 247
References 248
12 M2M Communications 250
Rapeepat Ratasuk, Amitava Ghosh, and Benny Vejlgaard
12.1 Chapter Overview 250
12.2 M2M Communications 250
12.3 LTE Evolution for M2M 253
12.3.1 LTE Features for M2M 254
12.3.1.1 eMTC 258
12.3.1.2 Narrowband Internet of Things 267
12.3.2 Further Enhancements 268
12.4 5G for M2M Communications 270
12.4.1 Coverage 272
12.4.2 Latency 273
12.4.3 Capacity 273
12.5 Conclusion 273
References 274
13 Low‐latency Radio‐interface Perspectives for Small‐cell 5G Networks 275
Toni Levanen, Juho Pirskanen, and Mikko Valkama
13.1 Introduction to Low‐latency Radio‐interface Design 275
13.2 Small‐cell Channel Environment Considerations and Expected Traffic 277
13.2.1 Centimeter‐wave Channel Models 278
13.2.2 Millimeter‐wave Channel Models 280
13.2.3 Comments on Expected Traffic and Traffic Modeling 282
13.3 New Radio‐interface Design for Low‐latency 5G Wireless Access 283
13.3.1 Achieving Ultra‐low Latency with Strict Timing Requirements 290
13.3.2 Reference‐symbol Layout Design for Spectrally Efficient MIMO
Communications in 5GETLA 292
13.4 Extending the 5GETLA Reference Design to Millimeter‐Wave
Communications 296
13.4.1 High Mobility Support in mm‐Wave Communications 298
13.5 Conclusions and Open Research Topics 299
References 300