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TOURISM
T
O
CHANGE, IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES U
R
GEOFFREY WALL and ALISTER MATHIESON
I
S
This new text builds upon the success of the classic Mathieson & Wall original Tourism:
economic, physical and social impacts to provide a comprehensive and rigorous examination of M
the consequences of tourism. The authors address the nature of tourism and tourists and the
economic, environmental and social impacts that result from their activities. It provides a unique
blend of theoretical principles and practice for a balanced approach to tourism.
C
H
KEY FEATURES A GEOFFREY WALL
N
G
(cid:122) new approaches to impact assessment are considered E
ALISTER MATHIESON
,
as well as a rethinking of tourism impacts I
M
(cid:122) uses international case studies and models to illustrate P
A
key concepts
C
T
(cid:122) wide range of examples from both the developing S
and developed world A TOURISM
N
(cid:122) incorporates the latest insights and literature D
O
(cid:122) contains new chapters on frameworks for analysis and P
sustainable developments P
O
(cid:122) contains an extensive bibliography and subject, place R
T
and author indexes to permit easy access to information U CHANGE, IMPACTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
N
I
T
I
This text will be essential reading for students, academics E
S
and practitioners of tourism, leisure, hospitality, geography,
management, business studies and the wider social sciences.
Geoffrey Wallis Professor of Geography at the University of
Waterloo, Canada. M W
A A
Alister Mathieson is Dean, School of Hospitality, Recreation T L
and Tourism, Humber College Institute of Technology and H L
Advanced Learning, Toronto, Canada. IE an
S d
O
N
Cover image ©
www.pearson-books.com
Stone/Getty Images
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Tourism: change, impacts
and opportunities
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We work with leading authors to develop the
strongest educational materials in tourism,
bringing cutting-edge thinking and best
learning practice to a global market.
Under a range of well-known imprints, including
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Tourism: change, impacts
and opportunities
GEOFFREY WALL AND
ALISTER MATHIESON
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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published 2006
© Pearson Education Limited 2006
The rights of Geoffrey Wall and Alister Mathieson to be identified as authors of this
work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the
publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
ISBN: 978-0-130-99400-4
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
11 10 09 08 07
Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino by 35
Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
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Contents
List of figures viii
List of tables ix
Preface x
Acknowledgements xii
Publisher’s acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction 1
Organization 3
Some research issues 4
Impact studies 5
Relationships between leisure, recreation and tourism 8
Definitions of tourism 11
Describing tourism: implications for impact assessment 15
Commentary 17
2 Frameworks 19
The dynamic element 22
The destination element 33
The consequential element 38
Tourist decision-making 39
Purchasing tourist products 42
The tourist profile 44
Spatial relationships 49
Summary and implications 50
3 Understanding change 52
Evolving perspectives 54
Spatial and temporal factors 57
Destination characteristics 61
Types of tourism 62
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Contents
The state of knowledge 62
Factors contributing to and mediating impacts 65
Summary 67
4 Economic consequences 68
Economic characteristics of the tourism industry 73
Tourism and economic development 77
Advantages of tourism 83
Conditions for development 85
The realities of tourism and economic development 88
Economic benefits and costs 89
Tourism and the balance of payments 90
Currency flows 102
Tourism and national economic growth (Gross Domestic Product or GDP) 106
Economic multipliers 109
Income generation and the distribution of tourist spending 120
Tourism and employment 125
Tourism and entrepreneurial activity 136
Tourism and economic structure 141
Economic impacts of special events and specific tourist industry activities 143
The economic costs of tourism 145
Economic indicators of the future of tourism 150
Summary 152
5 Environmental consequences 154
Tourism–environment relationships 157
Tourism and the environment: a symbiotic relationship 160
Tourism and environment in conflict 168
Impacts of tourism on ecosystems 187
Impacts of tourism on built environments 195
Tourism and competition for resources: tourism in rural areas 213
Conclusions 217
6 Social consequences 220
Tourist–host interrelationships 223
Social impacts of tourism 226
Framework for the measurement of social impacts 227
Tourism and social change: euphoria to xenophobia 232
Tourism and moral conduct 242
Tourism and religion 250
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Contents
Tourism and language 253
Tourism and health 255
Summary 258
Cultural impacts 259
Tourism and cultural change 263
Intercultural communication 267
Culture as a commodity 271
Authenticity of the tourist experience 271
Tourism and material forms of culture 272
Tourism and non-material forms of culture 280
Conclusions 284
7 Sustainable developments 288
Sustainable development 289
The status of tourism planning and management 293
Points, lines and areas 296
Impact assessment and monitoring 298
Analysis versus involvement 306
Community-based tourism, stakeholders and partnerships 307
An evaluation triangle 308
Conclusions 311
8 Conclusions 313
Planning for tourist impacts 316
Impact research and planning 317
Summary 324
References and bibliography 328
Index 390
vii
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List of figures
2.1 A conceptual framework of tourism 20
2.2 Determinants of tourism demand 23
2.3 The new consumers 31
2.4 The travel decision-making process 41
4.1 Tourism GDP share by industry 108
4.2 Distribution of the tourist dollar in Florida 1968 123
4.3 Measures of tourism employment 130
4.4 Tourism employment by industry 132
4.5 Tourist-generated entrepreneurial activity 138
4.6 Stages of entrepreneurial activity 139
5.1 Theoretical accommodation zones in a coastal resort 201
5.2 Tourism and environment 218
6.1 Host attitudinal/behavioural responses to tourist activity 229
6.2 A cultural tourist typology 268
7.1 A framework for conceptualizing and evaluating ecotourism 309
viii
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List of tables
3.1 Common relationships between accommodation types and other
aspects of tourism systems: a perspective from Bali 66
4.1 Structure of the balance of payments 91
4.2 Hypothetical example of the relationship of the travel account and
tourism balance to the balance of payments 95
4.3 Economic significance of tourism: TSA measures 100
4.4 Import propensities by type of establishment 103
4.5 Estimated contributions of tourism to GDP (as %) 108
4.6 Tourism income multipliers from selected destinations and regions 114
4.7 Local income coefficients – Edinburgh 116
4.8 Tourist multipliers in Gwynedd, 1973 117
4.9 Income multipliers of Gwynedd, Lothian and Skye 117
4.10 Total income generation for Edinburgh 120
4.11 Total income and output generated within Gwynedd by
tourist expenditure: 1973 (June–Sept.) 121
4.12 Edinburgh: Total employment multiplier at the city level
(per £1,000 of visitor expenditure) 128
4.13 Edinburgh: Components of the employment coefficients at the
city level (per £1,000 of visitor expenditure) 129
4.14 Labour compensation and productivity (1992) 132
4.15 Direct and indirect incidental costs of tourism to a community –
alternative life-quality costs and fiscal cuts 146
5.1 A summary of impact indicators associated with construction
of mountain resorts from Australian environmental impact
statements 193
5.2 Applications of visitor management techniques 210
6.1 Index of tourist irritation 228
6.2 Social impacts: future research priorities 286
7.1 Some measures to control the character and intensity of
recreational use to meet desired management objectives 295
7.2 Eight challenges in undertaking EIAs for tourism 304
ix
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