Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

282 Pages·2005·1.99 MB·English

by  Dr Paolo Santi

Topology Control in Wireless
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Topology Control in Wireless
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
Paolo Santi
Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR – Italy
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Santi,Paolo.
Topologycontrolinwirelessadhocandsensornetworks/PaoloSanti.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-470-09453-2 (cloth:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-470-09453-2(cloth:alk.paper)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems.2.WirelessLANs.3.Sensor
networks. I.Title.
TK5103.2.S2582006
004.6(cid:1)8–dc22
2005013736
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ISBN-100-470-09453-2(HB)
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To my wife Elena,
my daughter Bianca,
and my children to be
To my families

Contents
About the Author xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
List of Figures xxiii
List of Tables xxvii
I Introduction 1
1 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 3
1.1 The Future of Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Wireless sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1 Ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Wireless sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Modeling Ad Hoc Networks 13
2.1 The Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 The free space propagation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 The two-ray ground model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 The log-distance path model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Large-scale and small-scale variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 The Communication Graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Modeling Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.2 Sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Mobility Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Asymptotic Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
viii CONTENTS
3 Topology Control 27
3.1 Motivations for Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 Topology control and energy conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Topology control and network capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 A Definition of Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 A Taxonomy of Topology Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 Topology Control in the Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.1 Topology control and routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.2 Topology control and MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
II The Critical Transmitting Range 37
4 The CTR for Connectivity: Stationary Networks 39
4.1 The CTR in Dense Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2 The CTR in Sparse Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 The CTR with Different Deployment Region and Node Distribution . . . 49
4.4 Irregular Radio Coverage Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5 The CTR for Connectivity: Mobile Networks 53
5.1 The CTR in RWP Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 The CTR with Bounded, Obstacle-free Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 Other Characterizations of the CTR 63
6.1 The CTR for k-connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2 The CTR for Connectivity with Bernoulli Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.3 The Critical Coverage Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
III Topology Optimization Problems 71
7 The Range Assignment Problem 73
7.1 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2 The RA Problem in One-dimensional Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.3 The RA Problem in Two- and Three-dimensional Networks . . . . . . . . 76
7.4 The Symmetric Versions of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.4.1 The SRA problem in one-dimensional networks . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.4.2 The SRA problem in two- and three-dimensional networks . . . . 80
7.4.3 Approximation algorithms for WSRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.5 The Energy Cost of the Optimal Range Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8 Energy-efficient Communication Topologies 87
8.1 Energy-efficient Unicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.2 Energy-efficient Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92