Table Of ContentTopics in pathophysiology of hypertension
DEVELOPMENTS IN
CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
Other volumes in this series:
Lancee CT, ed: Echocardiology, 1979. ISBN 90-247-2209-8.
Baan J, Arntzenius AC, Yellin EL, eds: Cardiac dynamics. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2212-8.
Thalen HJT, Meere CC, eds: Fundamentals of cardiac pacing. 1970. ISBN 90-247-2245-4.
Kulbertus HE, Wellens HJJ, eds: Sudden death. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2290-X.
Dreifus LS, Brest AN, eds: Clinical applications of cardiovascular drugs. 1980. ISBN
90-247-2295-0.
Spencer MP, Reid JM, eds: Cerebrovascular evaluation with Doppler ultrasound. 1981.
ISBN 90-247-2348-1.
Zipes DP, Bailey JC, Elharrar V, eds: The slow inward current and cardiac arrhythmias.
1980. ISBN 90-247-2380-9.
Kesteloot H, Joossens JV, eds: Epidemiology of arterial blood pressure. 1980. ISBN
90-247-2386-8.
Wackers FJT, ed: Thallium - 201 and technetium-99m-pyrophosphate myocardial imaging
in the coronary care unit. 1980. ISBN 90-247-2396-5.
Maseri A, Marchesi C, Chierchia S, Trivella MG, eds: Coronary care units. 1981. ISBN
90-247-2456-2.
Morganroth J, Moore EN, Dreifus LS, Michelson EL, eds: The evaluation of new
antiarrhythmic drugs. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2474-0.
Alboni P: Intraventricular conduction disturbances. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2483-X.
Rijsterborgh H, ed: Echocardiology. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2491-0.
Wagner GS, ed: Myocardial infarction: Measurement and intervention. 1982. ISBN
90-247-2513-5.
Meltzer RS, Roelandt J, eds: Contrast echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2531-3.
Amery A, Fagard R, Lijnen R, Staessen J, eds: Hypertensive cardiovascular disease;
pathophysiology and treatment. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2534-8.
Bouman LN, Jongsma HJ, eds:Cardiac rate and rhythm. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2626-3.
Morganroth J, Moore EM, eds: The evaluation of beta blocker and calcium antagonist
drugs. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2642-5.
Rosenbaum MB, ed: Frontiers of cardiac electrophysiology. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2663-8.
Roelandt J, Hugenholtz PG, eds: Long-term ambulatory electrocardiography. 1982. ISBN
90-247-2664-8.
Adgey AAJ, ed: Acute phase of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2675-1.
Hanrath P, Bleifeld W, Souquet, eds: Cardiovascular diagnosis by ultrasound: Trans
esophageal, computerized, contrast, Doppler echocardiography. 1982. ISBN 90-247-
2692-1.
Roelandt J, ed: The practice of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. 1983.
ISBN 90-247-2745-6.
Meyer J, Schweizer P, Erbel R, eds: Advances in noninvasive cardiology. ISBN 0-89838-
576-8.
Morganroth J, Moore EN, eds: Sudden cardiac death and congestive heart failure:
Diagnosis and treatment. ISBN 0-89838-580-6.
Mitchell PH, ed: Lifelong management of hypertension. ISBN 0-89838-582-2.
Jaffe EA, ed: Biology of endothelial cells. ISBN 0-89838-587-3
Surawicz B, Reddy, CP, Prystowsky, EN, eds: Tachycardias. ISBN 0-89838-588-1.
Spencer, MP, ed: Cardiac Doppler diagnosis. 0-89838-591-1.
TOPICS IN
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF HYPERTENSION
edited by
HERMAN VILLARREAL, MD
Head, Department of Nephrology
Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia
Mexico, DF
&
MOHINDER P. SAMBHI, MD, PhD
Professor and Chief, Division of Hypertension
Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center
UCLA School of Medicine
USA
1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
BOSTON / THE HAGUE / DORDRECHT / LANCASTER
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street,
Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P .O.Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Topics in pathophysiology of hypertension.
(Developments in cardiovascular medicine)
Includes index.
1. Hypertension--Addresses, essays, lectures.
2 .. ~~tology, Pathological--Addresses, essays, lec
tures. I. Villarreal, Herman. II. Sambhi, Mohinder P.
III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Hypertension--Physiopathology
--Congresses. WI DE997VME v. 31 / WG 340 T6744 1982]
Rc685.H8T664 1983 616.1'3207 83-13159
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6743-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6741-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6741-0
Copyright
© 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover in I st edition 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA.
CONTENTS
Foreword: JAMES O. DAVIES ....... , .. , . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . IX
Preface. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . XI
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XIII
I. TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES AND HYPERTENSION
Introduction: Membrane transport
D. TOSTESON. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1
Biomembrane abnormalities in spontaneous hypertension
Y. YAMORI, Y. NARA, H. IMAFUKU, T. KANBE, K. MORI, M. KIHARAAND R.
HORIE .......................................................... 3
Erythrocyte Na+ handling in rat genetic hypertension
M. DE MENDONCA, M.L. GRICHOIS, K. TOUMI, A. KNORR, P. GUICHENEY,
G. DAGHER, R.P. GARAY, D. BEN-ISHAY AND P. MEYER. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ca2+ binding by the erythrocyte membrane and its structure in primary and
secondary hypertension
Y.V. POSTNOV AND S.N. ORLOV. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Calmodulin-dependent calcium transport in erythrocytes in primary
hypertension
S.N. ORLOV, N.I. POKUDIN AND Y.V. POSTNOV... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Na+/K+ co-transport system in erythrocytes from essential hyperten-
sive patients
R.P. GARAy..................................................... 40
Sodium, lithium and potassium co- and countertransport in erythrocytes
and its relation to essential hypertension
J. DUHM........................................................ 56
Familial aggregation of sodium countertransport and co-transport and
essential hypertension
M. CANESSA, H. SOLOMON, B. FALKNER, N. ADRAGNA AND R.C. ELLISON 78
Red cell sodium-lithium countertransport in hypertension
W. BURKE, S. HORNUNG, B.R. COPELAND, C.E. FURLONG AND A.G.
MOTULSKY .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
VI
Hypertension: multiple membrane malfunctions
D.F. BOHR, A.L. HARRIS, C.C. GUTHE AND R.C. WEBB. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
Preliminary analysis of sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pres-
sure in Utah pedigrees
R.R. WILLIAMS, S.C. HUNT, M.M. DADONE, S. HASSTEDT, J.B. SMITH,
K.O. ASH AND H. KUIDA ......................................... 112
Cation transport abnormalities in human and rat essential hypertension
D. CUSI, C. BARLASSINA, P. FERRARI, M. FERRAND! AND G. BIANCHI. . . . 136
The sodium-lithium exchange mechanism in essential hypertension: is it a
sodium/proton exchanger?
J. FUNDER, J.O. WIETH, H.LE. JENSEN AND K.K. IbsEN ............... 147
Ouabain-sensitive and -insensitive cation transport in normotensives and
hypertensives in hypokalemic states
E. ERDMANN AND U. SCHMIDINGER . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. 162
Presynaptic a-autoreceptors: pharmacological properties and physiological
function
K. STARKE, A. STEPPELER AND W. AUCH-SCHWELK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172
The effects of DIDS and anion substitution on aortic 36CI turnover in
aldosterone-induced hypertensive rats
E.T. GARWITZ AND A.W. JONES................................... 187
Function of the sodium pump in vascular smooth muscle in hypertension
H.W. OVERBECK................................................. 196
Evidence against raised intracellular sodium causing myogenic contraction
in rat resistance vessels
M.J. MULVANY, C. AALKJAER, H. NILSSON AND T. PETERSEN.. . .. . . .... 212
Role of an ouabain-like humoral agent and the sodium-potassium pump in
low-renin hypertension
F.J. HADDY ............................. , . . . . .. . . .. . . . . ... .... .. 223
An increase in a circulating inhibitor of Na+IK+-ATPase: the link.between
sodium and vascular tone in experimental and inherited hypertension?
G.A. MACGREGOR AND H.E. DE WARDENER ......................... 239
The role of sodium-ca1cium exchange in the genesis of essential hyper
tension
M.P. BLAUSTEIN. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . ... .. 261
II. NEURAL CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Introduction: Neural control
F. ABBOUD .......................................... , . .. . . . . . ... 273
Evidence for the participation of specific hypothalamic pathways in the
pathogenesis of hypertension
M.J. BRODY, D.K. HARTLE, R.W. LIND AND A.K. JOHNSON.. . .. . . . . . .. 275
Neuropeptides in the central regulation of blood pressure
M. PALKOVITS .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 282
VII
The role of various afferents in the regulation of sympathetic tone in
hypertension: a brief review
F.M. ABBOUD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
Defects in signal generation in arterial baroreceptors
P. SLEIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304
Influence of sodium intake on the neurogenic contribution in hypertension
A.L. MARK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 313
Some aspects of cardiovascular nervous control in spontaneously hyperten
sive rats: central and peripheral mechanisms
P. THOREN, G. GOTHBERG, S. LUNDIN, H. NILSSON AND B. FOLKOW. . . .. 321
Pre- and postsynaptic receptors in hypertensive states
S.Z. LANGER ................................................... , 334
Electrical events of vascular smooth muscle in response to aj-adrenoceptor
stimulation
G. HAEUSLER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
III. RECENT ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON RENIN SYSTEM
Introduction
E. HABER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 363
Studies of renin biosynthesis and release
V.l. DZAU AND R.E. PRATT ..................... " .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. 365
Molecular cloning of submaxillary renin cDNA
P. CORVOL, B. CHAMBRAUD, S. FOOTE, 1.1. PANTHIER AND F. ROUGEON .. 376
Primary structure of mouse submaxillary gland renin
T. INAGAMI, K. MISONO, 1.1. CHANG AND W.A. BURKHART. ........... , 381
Purification of pro renin
T. INAGAMI, Y. TAKII, 1.1. CHANG AND M. KISARAGI .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . ... 389
Extrarenal renin-angiotensin system: comments on its occurrence and car
diovascular role
F.M. BUMPus AND C.M. FERRARIO .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 407
Studies on the purification and characterization of human angiotensinogen
D.A. TEWKSBURy................................................ 419
Enzymatic studies with renin substrate
P. EGGENA, 1.D. BARRETT, H. SHIONOIRI AND M.P. SAMBHI ... . . . . . . ... 430
The brain renin-angiotensin system: problems and answers
D. GANTEN, M. PRINTZ, TH. UNGER AND R.E. LANG.................. 440
IV. RENAL, ADRENAL AND CENTRAL HORMONES IN
HYPERTENSION
Introduction
1. GENEST AND 1.H. LARAGH ...................................... , 459
A bipolar analysis of blood pressure phenomena: the vasoconstriction and
volume factors in normotension and in the spectrum of hypertensive dis-
VII!
orders as revealed by renin-sodium profiling or pharmacologic probes:
prorenin as a determinant of renin secretion
J.H. LARAGH AND J.E. SEALEY. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. 461
Regulation of blood pressure by vasopressin
c.I. JOHNSTON, Y. IMAI AND R.L. WOODS. . .. ... .. ... .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. 486
The renomedullary interstitial cells in hypertension
J.A. PITCOCK AND E.E. MUIRHEAD.. . .. .. . . ... .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. ... 500
The pituitary and hypertension
J. GENEST, J. GUTKOWSKA, J. JULESZ, E. SCHIFFRIN, P. HAMES, M.
CHRETIEN, N.G. SEIDAH AND M. LIS.. . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. . ... . . .... 508
Stress, ACTH, and hypertension
D.A. DENTON, J.P. COGHLAN, M. McKINLEY, J. NELSON, B.A. SCOGGINS,
R. WEISINGER AND J.A. WHITWORTH. ... . . . . .. . .. . . . . ... . . ... . . . .. .. 520
Mineralocorticoids in hypertension: 19-nor-corticosteroids in experimental
and human hypertension
J.C. MELBY, S.L. DA'LE, M. HOLBROOK AND G.T. GRIFFING. .. . .. . . . . .. 531
Renal and CNS factors in NaCl-induced hypertension
L. TOBIAN .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 543
FOREWORD
It is not often that one one writes the foreword for a book based on a conference
which contributed so much to our knowledge in the field of hypertension. During
my close association with the International Society of Hypertension from
1978-1982, numerous satellite symposia were held in connection with five interna
tional meetings. The specific topics addressed in this volume, the quality of the
contributions, and the superb expertise of the contributors make this monograph
one of the most outstanding publications that the International Society of Hyper
tension has sponsored.
Satellite symposia such as the present one serve useful and important functions
for our society. They provide a mechanism of getting together the outstanding
experts on special subjects for presentation of new data and for a free interchange
of ideas. This type of endeavor is one of the most uniquely effective ways of
accumulating new knowledge, because the data presented are subjected to
critical review and discussion. No textbook or publication in journals can provide
the type of critically evaluated information that comes from a small group
meeting of this type. Furthermore, it is a mechanism for scientists to become
acquainted or better acquainted with one another. All of this is, of course, very
provocative and supportive of high quality research, one of the trademarks of the
International Society of Hypertension.
The conference for this book publication was organized by Drs. Herman
Villarreal and Mohinder Sambhi, both of whom were also extremely helpful and
effective in organizing the Ninth Scientific Meeting of the International Society of
Hypertension in Mexico City in February 1982. The contributors to the book are
from 13 countries in 4 continents. The topics in this book cover 4 of the major
groups of pathogenic mechanisms in hypertension, and several new and impor
tant advances are reported in this excellent monograph on hypertension.
JAMES O. DAVIS, MD, PHD
President of International Society of Hypertension (1980-1982)
PREFACE
During the last decade, concepts in pathophysiology of hypertension have made
impressive strides. Recent advances in the field have more prominently occurred
in the areas of ionic transport across cell membranes, and neural and hormonal
mechanisms of blood pressure control, particularly as related to the central
nervous system. Although the fundamental fault in this disease with multifaceted
presentation remains to be discovered, the view that a generalized or localized
defect at the cellular membrane level may be the culprit is receiving attention.
Modern sophisticated techniques in molecular biology and genetics are increa
singly being applied to these problems. The contents of this volume reflect the
recent changes in concepts and directions of research on etiology of essential
hypertension.
The opportunity of gathering renowned investigators in the field at a satellite
conference held in Acapulco, Mexico was provided by the Ninth Meeting of the
International Society of Hypertension.
The selection of the topics and the participants was largely made by the
respective session chairmen who also undertook the arduous task of reviewing
the manuscripts for publication. We wish to express our gratitude and apprecia
tion to Drs. Daniel Tosteson, Bjorn Folkow, David Bohr and Joseph Hoffman
who chaired the session on membrane transport, Drs. Francois Abboud and
Willem Birkenhager who chaired the session on neural control, Drs. Edgar
Haber and John Luetscher who chaired the session on renin system, Drs. Jacques
Genest and John Laragh who chaired the session on hormones. We are also
indebted to Merck, Sharpe and Dohme of Mexico and Merck, Sharpe and
Dohme International for their generous and unfailing support. Our sincere
thanks also go to the staff of the KPR INFOR/MEDIA Corporation and Marti
nus Nijhoff Publishers for their patience and cooperation, and for making our
editorial task a pleasant one. Finally, we must thank all the contributors for their
critical and enthusiastic participation.
HERMAN VILLARREAL
MOHINDER P. SAMBHI
