Topics in Anti-Cancer Research 7

246 Pages·2018·27.945 MB·English

by  Rahman, Atta-ur-, Zaman, Khurshid

Patents eBook Series
“Topics in Anti-Cancer Research”
(Volume 7)
Edited by
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
Honorary Life Fellow, Kings College,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
&
Khurshid Zaman
Bentham Science Publishers, USA
Topics in Anti-Cancer Research
Volume # 7
Editors: Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS and Khurshid Zaman
ISSN (Print): 2468-5860
ISSN (Online): 2213-3585
ISBN (Online): 978-1-68108-627-9
ISBN (Print): 978-1-68108-628-6
©2018, Bentham eBooks imprint.
Published by Bentham Science Publishers – Sharjah, UAE. All Rights Reserved.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ i
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF ncRNAs IN HUMAN CANCER AND ITS RELATED PATENTS 1
María I. Navarro-Mendoza, Carlos Pérez-Arques, Laura Murcia, Alfonso F. López-Martínez
and Francisco E. Nicolás
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
2. SMALL ncRNAs: miRNAs, piRNAs, tiRNAs, snoRNAs AND paRNAs ............................... 4
2.1. miRNAs ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. piRNAs ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.3. tiRNAs ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.4. snoRNAs .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.5. Small Promoter Associated RNAs ................................................................................... 8
2.6. Other Small ncRNAs ....................................................................................................... 9
3. LONG ncRNAs: lincRNAs, T-UCRs, ceRNAs AND OTHER lncRNAs ............................... 11
3.1. lincRNAs ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.2. T-UCRs ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.3. ceRNAs ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.4. Other lncRNAs ................................................................................................................. 14
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 15
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 16
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 16
DISCLOSURE ................................................................................................................................ 16
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 2 TAXOL TO NANOTAXOL: A JOURNEY TOWARDS ENHANCED DRUG
DELIVERY .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Tanvi Kaku, Aiswarya Dash and Biswa P. Chatterji
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 26
1.1. Methods for Preparation of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles ...................................................... 29
1.1.1. CN1463969A ....................................................................................................... 29
1.1.2. CN101829061A ................................................................................................... 30
1.2. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Associated and Other Protein Associated and
Functionalized Taxol® or Paclitaxel Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Agents ....................... 30
1.2.1. US6506405B1 ..................................................................................................... 30
1.2.2. US8268348B2 and US20100112077A1 .............................................................. 32
1.2.3. WO1994018954A1 .............................................................................................. 32
1.2.4. US20040092577A1 ............................................................................................. 32
1.2.5. US20090004118 .................................................................................................. 33
1.2.6. US20090226393 .................................................................................................. 33
1.2.7. US20100015051 .................................................................................................. 33
1.2.8. US20100303723 .................................................................................................. 34
1.2.9. WO2007034479 ................................................................................................... 34
1.3. Micelles, Emulsions and Liposomes as Drug Delivery Carriers for Paclitaxel ............... 34
1.3.1. US20150366806 .................................................................................................. 34
1.3.2. WO2009070761 ................................................................................................... 34
1.3.3. EP2494956 and EP2494957 ............................................................................... 35
1.3.4. WO1994007484 ................................................................................................... 35
1.3.5. WO1996002247 ................................................................................................... 35
1.3.6. CN102772368A ................................................................................................... 36
1.3.7. US5424073 .......................................................................................................... 36
1.3.8. KR101612194 ...................................................................................................... 36
1.3.9. US8663599B1 ..................................................................................................... 37
1.4. Carbon Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Agents for Cancer Chemotherapy ................... 37
1.4.1. EP3063091 .......................................................................................................... 37
1.4.2. US20090087493 .................................................................................................. 37
1.4.3. KR20180016231 .................................................................................................. 38
1.4.4. CN104998261 ..................................................................................................... 38
1.4.5. WO2014015334 ................................................................................................... 38
1.5. Nanodevices for Paclitaxel Delivery to Cancer Cells ...................................................... 39
1.5.1. US20100215724 .................................................................................................. 39
1.5.2. US20100303716 .................................................................................................. 39
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 39
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 40
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 41
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 41
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 3 ADVANCED THERAPY IN CANCER: STIMULI-RESPONSIVE
NANOCARRIERS FOR ON-DEMAND DRUG DELIVERY ............................................................ 48
Azadeh Haeri, Fatemeh Mehryab and Hamid R. Moghimi
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 48
2. STIMULI-RESPONSIVE NANOCARRIERS ........................................................................ 51
3. EXTERNAL STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY ................................................ 51
3.1. Temperature-Responsive Nanocarriers ............................................................................ 51
3.2. Magnetic Field-Responsive Nanocarriers ........................................................................ 56
3.3. Photo-Responsive Nanocarriers ....................................................................................... 61
3.4. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers .............................................................................. 64
4. INTERNAL STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY ................................................. 68
4.1. pH-Responsive Nanocarriers ........................................................................................... 68
4.2. Enzyme-Responsive Nanocarriers ................................................................................... 74
4.3. Redox-Responsive Nanocarriers ...................................................................................... 78
5. OTHER STIMULI-RESPONSIVE NANOCARRIERS ......................................................... 82
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 82
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................. 82
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ............................................................................................... 83
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 83
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 83
CHAPTER 4 THE REGULATION AND THE FUNCTION OF AUTOPHAGY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCERS ............................................ 96
Erdem Ayik and Gulsum O. Elpek
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 97
2. GENERAL ASPECTS OF AUTOPHAGY .............................................................................. 97
3. AUTOPHAGY IN CANCER ..................................................................................................... 101
3.1. AP in Malignant Transformation ..................................................................................... 101
3.2. AP in Cancer Behavior and Treatment ............................................................................ 102
4. AUTOPHAGY IN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER ........................................................................ 104
4.1. Autophagy in the Development of EAC .......................................................................... 105
4.2. Autophagy in the Development of ESCC ........................................................................ 106
4.3. Autophagy in EAC Behavior and Treatment ................................................................... 108
4.3.1. AP-Related Findings on Tumor Behavior and Progression in Patients with EAC 108
4.3.2. In Vitro Investigation of AP in EAC .................................................................... 110
4.4. Autophagy in ESCC Behavior and Treatment ................................................................. 112
4.4.1. AP-Related Findings in Tumor Behavior and Progression in Patients with
ESCC ............................................................................................................................. 112
4.4.2. In Vitro Investigation of AP in ESCC ................................................................. 116
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 126
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 126
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 127
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 127
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 127
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 127
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 128
CHAPTER 5 RECENT PATENTS ON SMART NANO-FORMULATIONS FOR CANCER
THERAPY ................................................................................................................................................ 145
Shaheen Sultana, Mohammad Yusuf and Maria Khan
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 146
1.1. Polymer-Based Nano-Formulations ................................................................................. 146
1.1.1. Polymeric Nanoparticles ..................................................................................... 147
1.1.2. Hydrogels ............................................................................................................ 151
1.1.3. Dendrimers .......................................................................................................... 152
1.1.4. Micelles ............................................................................................................... 152
1.2. Virus-Based Nanoparticles .............................................................................................. 154
1.3. Carbon Nanotubes ............................................................................................................ 154
1.4. Lipid-Based Nano-Formulation ....................................................................................... 157
1.4.1. Liposomes ............................................................................................................ 157
1.4.2. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ................................................................................... 158
1.5. Metal-Based Nanoparticles .............................................................................................. 159
1.5.1. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) .............................................................................. 160
1.5.2. Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) ........................................................................ 161
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 165
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 165
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 165
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 165
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 165
CHAPTER 6 POTENTIAL INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS UNDERLYING
CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
EFFECTS ................................................................................................................................................. 173
Claire E. Feather, John B. Kwok, Gila Moalem-Taylor and Patsie Polly
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 174
1.1. Chemotherapy, Neuropathic Pain and Skeletal Muscle Effects ...................................... 174
1.2. Clinical Insights ............................................................................................................... 175
2. AN OVERVIEW OF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NEUROMUSCULAR EFFECTS 176
2.1. Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) .................................................. 176
2.1.1. Animal Models .................................................................................................... 177
2.2. Effects of Chemotherapy on Muscle ................................................................................ 178
2.2.1. Animal Models .................................................................................................... 179
3. CHEMOTHERAPY AND INFLAMMATION ....................................................................... 180
3.1. Cytokines ......................................................................................................................... 180
3.2. Reactive Oxygen Species ................................................................................................. 182
4. INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF INTEREST ........... 183
4.1. Upstream Inflammatory Signaling Pathways .................................................................. 183
4.2. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ........................................................................................ 184
4.3. Paclitaxel-Specific Molecular Alterations ....................................................................... 184
5. GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED
NEUROMUSCULAR EFFECTS .................................................................................................. 185
6. CANCER-INDUCED AND CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED EFFECTS ............................ 186
7. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TARGETING OF CHEMOTHERAPY-
INDUCED NEUROMUSCULAR EFFECTS .............................................................................. 187
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 191
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 191
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 192
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 192
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 192
CHAPTER 7 RECENT ADVANCES IN NUTRIGENOMICS: PATENT APPLICATIONS ...... 202
Elvan Y. Akyuz, Ozlem Aytekin, Banu Bayram and Yusuf Tutar
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 202
1.1. Nutrigenomics and its Relation to Cancer ....................................................................... 204
1.2. Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Genome Stability ................................................................. 205
1.3. Diet and Cancer Prevention ............................................................................................. 206
1.4. Composition and Method to Optimize and Customize Nutritional Supplement
Formulations by Measuring Genetic and Metabolomic Contributing Factors to Disease
Diagnosis, Stratification, Prognosis, Metabolism, and Therapeutic Outcomes -
US20060062859 ..................................................................................................................... 207
1.5. Nutraceutical Compositions and Methods with Biologically Active Ingredients -
US20080317734 ..................................................................................................................... 208
1.6. Diagnostic System for Selecting Nutrition and Pharmacological Products for Animals -
US7873482 ............................................................................................................................. 209
1.7. System and Method for Evaluating and Providing Nutrigenomic Data, Information and
Advice - US7877273 ............................................................................................................... 209
1.8. Multi-Stage Nutrigenomic Diagnostic Food Sensitivity Testing in Animals -
US8450072 ............................................................................................................................. 210
1.9. Predictive Markers for Cancer and Metabolic Syndrome - US2013045535 ................... 212
1.10. Novel Compositions from Nigella Sativa - US20150004266 ........................................ 214
1.11. Method of Dietary Treatment for Genetic and Epigenetic Diseases and Disorders -
US20170056357 ..................................................................................................................... 216
1.12. Bioenergetics Profiling of Circulating Blood Cells and Systems, Devices, and
Methods Relating Thereto - US2015024795 .......................................................................... 217
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 218
CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .............................................................................. 218
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 219
CONFLICT OF INTEREST ......................................................................................................... 219
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 219
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 219
AUTHOR INDEX .................................................................................................................................... 221
SUBJECT INDEX ................................................................................................................................... 2(cid:21)(cid:21)
i
PREFACE
Topics in Anti-Cancer Research covers important advances in both experimental (pre-
clinical) and clinical cancer research in drug development. The book series offers readers an
insight into current and future therapeutic approaches for the prevention of different types of
cancers, synthesis of new anti-cancer agents, new patented compounds, targets and agents for
cancer therapy as well as recent molecular and gene therapy research.
The topics covered in the seventh volume of this series include the role of inflammation in
chemotherapy-induced neuromuscular effects, recent advances in nutrigenomics and relevant
anti-cancer patents, nanocarriers for on-demand anti-cancer drug release, biochemical
mechanisms that control autophagy for treating esophageal cancer, nano-formulations for
cancer therapy and nanotaxol.
The comprehensive range of themes covered will be beneficial to clinicians, cancer pro-
fessionals, immunologists, and R&D experts looking for new anti-cancer targets and patents
for the treatment of neoplasms, as well as varied approaches for cancer therapy.
We are obliged to the authors for their contributions and to the reviewers for their com-
prehensive comments for shaping up the chapters and improving their quality. We extend our
thanks to Mr. Mahmood Alam, Mrs. Rafia Rehan and other colleagues for their cooperation in
the finalization of this volume.
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
University of Karachi
Karachi 75270
Pakistan
Khurshid Zaman
Honorary Editor
Bentham Science Publishers