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Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology
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Tools in Fluvial
Geomorphology
Second Edition
Editedby
G. Mathias Kondolf
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,USA
and
Hervé Piégay
CNRS,UniversityofLyon,France
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2016©2016byJohnWiley&SonsLtd
Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Kondolf,G.Mathias,editorofcompilation.|Piégay,Hervé,editor
ofcompilation.
Title:Toolsinfluvialgeomorphology/editedbyG.MathiasKondolfand
HervéPiégay.
Description:Secondedition.|Chichester,UK;Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&
Sons,2016.|Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016006833|ISBN9780470684054(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Fluvialgeomorphology.|Geomorphology–Instruments.
Classification:LCCGB562.T662016|DDC551.3/5–dc23LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016006833
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.
Setin9.5/12ptMinionbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
1 2016
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Contents
Listofcontributors,xi Artefactsandfluvialprocesses,43
Miningsedimentastracers,43
SeriesForeword,xv 3.4 Legacysediment,44
Evidenceofenvironmentaldisturbanceandfluvialadjustments,44
PrefacetotheSecondEdition,xvii
ThepristineNewWorldmyth,45
3.5 Usingarchaeologicaldata:casestudies,45
Casestudy1.Fluvialreconstructionfrombridgestructuresonthe
RiverTrent,UK,46
Section I: Background
Casestudy2.Slags,bedloadandhydraulicsortinginBelgium,48
1 Toolsinfluvialgeomorphology:problemstatement Casestudy3.Artefactualevidenceoffloodplaindepositionand
erosioninBelgium,49
andrecentpractice,3
Casestudy4.Metalminingandfluvialresponse:intheOldandNew
G.MathiasKondolfandHervéPiégay Worlds,50
3.6 Conclusions,51
1.1 Introduction,3
References,52
1.2 Toolsandfluvialgeomorphology:theterms,4
4 Usinghistoricaldatainfluvialgeomorphology,56
1.3 Whatisatoolinfluvialgeomorphology?,4
Rootsandtools,4 RobertC.GrabowskiandAngelaM.Gurnell
Fromconceptualtoworkingtools,5 4.1 Introduction,56
Toolsandquestions,7 4.2 Thedocumentaryrecord,57
1.4 Overviewandtrendsoftoolsusedinthefield,9 EarlydocumentaryrecordsinBritain,58
1.5 Scopeandorganizationofthisbook,9 Otherexamplesoftheuseofdocumentarysourcesinfluvial
Acknowledgements,11 geomorphology,59
References,11 Problemsofdatareliabilityandaccuracy,61
(cid:2) 4.3 Thecartographicrecord,63 (cid:2)
Someexamplesofusingmapstostudychannelchange,63
Section II: The Temporal Framework:
Generalissuesofaccuracy,64
Dating and Assessing 4.4 Thetopographicrecord,66
Geomorphological Trends Someexamplesofusingtopographicrecordstostudychannel
change,67
2 Surficialgeologicaltoolsinfluvialgeomorphology,15 Errorsanduncertaintyinthecomparisonoftopographicrecords,68
4.5 Themodernhistoricalrecord:remote-sensing,69
RobertB.Jacobson,JimE.O’ConnorandTakashiOguchi
Accuracyanduncertainty,71
2.1 Introduction,15 4.6 Conclusion,71
2.2 Overviewofsurficialgeologicalapproaches,15 Acknowledgements,71
Sedimentology,16 References,71
Geochronologyofalluvium,19
Stratigraphy,23
Obtainingsurficialgeologicaldata,24 Section III: The Spatial Framework:
Geologicalreasoning–puttingittogether,25
Emphasizing Spatial Structure and
2.3 Applicationsofsurficialgeologicalapproachestogeomorphic
interpretation,27 Nested Character of Fluvial Forms
Palaeohydrologicalinterpretationsfromsurficialgeologicaldata,27
5 Systemapproachesinfluvialgeomorphology,79
Catastrophicevents:exceptionalfloodsandchanneland
valley-bottommorphologyontheDeschutesRiver,Oregon,29 HervéPiégay
Land-useeffectsandriverrestoration,31 5.1 System,fluvialsystem,hydrosystem,79
2.4 Summaryandconclusions,33 Thesystem,awidespreadconcept,79
References,34 Thefluvialsystem,79
3 Archaeologyandhumanartefacts,40 Thehydrosystemconcept,80
Thefluvialanthroposystemconcept,81
AnthonyG.Brown,FrançoisPetitandL.AllenJames
5.2 Componentsofthefluvialsystem,83
3.1 Introduction,40 Scalesofanalysisandtherangeofinfluencingfactors,83
3.2 Generalconsiderationsinusingarchaeologicalevidencein Non-lineartemporaltrajectoryoffluvialsystems,83
geomorphology,40 5.3 Fluvialsystem,aconceptualtoolforgeomorphologists,84
3.3 Archaeologicaltools,41 Partialversustotalsystemapproach,84
Hearthsandlithics,41 Thefluvialsystem,aconceptforstructuringhypothesis,84
Potteryandsmallartefacts,41 Thecomparativespace–timeframework,85
Structures,41 Quantitativeversusqualitativeanalysis,92
Palaeohydrologicaldatafromarchaeology,43 Fromfluvialsystemtoriverscape,94
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5.4 Examplesofapplications,95 8.6 Numericalmodels,164
BegaRiver,Australia,95 Process-based,reductionistmodels,165
TheDrôme,RoubionandEyguesRivers,96 Effect-of-process-basedreducedcomplexitymodels,167
5.5 Conclusions,98 8.7 Toolsfordevelopingacatchmentprocessmodel:
Acknowledgements,98 representationandaccuracyconsiderations,168
References,100 Inputdatarepresentation,168
Modelperformance,171
6 Analysisofremotelysenseddataforfluvial 8.8 Prospect,173
geomorphologyandriverscience,103 Acknowledgements,174
DavidGilvearandRobertBryant References,175
6.1 Introduction,103
6.2 Thephysicalbasis,103
Photogrammetry,103 Section IV: Chemical, Physical and
Electromagneticradiationandremotesensingsystems,108 Biological Evidence: Dating,
Scaleandspatialaccuracyissues,110
Emphasizing Spatial Structure and
Spectralpropertiesandthefluvialenvironment,113
Summaryoverview,115 Fluvial Processes
6.3 Rivergeomorphologyandin-channelprocesses,115
2Dchannelmorphologyandchannelchange,115 9 Usingenvironmentalradionuclides,mineral
3Dandquasi-3Dchannelmorphologyandchannelchange,117 magnetismandsedimentgeochemistryfortracing
2Dmappingofturbidity,suspendedsolidsconcentrationsandbed anddatingfinefluvialsediments,183
material,119
DesWallingandIanFoster
6.4 Floodplaingeomorphologyandfluvialprocesses,119
2Dand3Dmappingoffloodplainmorphology,119 9.1 Introduction,183
2Dmappingoffloodinundation,120 9.2 Thetools,183
2Dand3Dmappingofoverbanksedimentation,depositionand Gamma-emittingradionuclides,183
scour,121 Environmentalmagnetism,185
6.5 Conclusions,122 Sedimentgeochemistry,187
Acknowledgements,122 9.3 Applications,187
References,128 Datingsediment,187
Documentingsoilandsedimentredistribution,190
7 Geomorphicclassificationofriversandstreams,133 Sedimentsourcefingerprinting,193
G.MathiasKondolf,HervéPiégay,LaurentSchmittand Reconstructingsedimentaccumulationrates,yields,sourcesand
DavidR.Montgomery budgets,197
(cid:2) 9.4 Casestudy,200 (cid:2)
7.1 Introduction,133 Combiningfalloutradionuclidemeasurementsandsedimentsource
Classificationdefined,133 fingerprintingforsedimentbudgeting:PangandLambourn
Purposesofclassification,134 Catchments,UnitedKingdom,200
Hierarchyinfluvialgeomorphicclassification,136 9.5 Theprospect,201
Underlyingphilosophies:riversasacontinuumordiscrete References,202
types,136
10 Vegetationasatoolintheinterpretationoffluvial
7.2 Classificationsforfluvialunderstanding,138
Earlyclassifications,138 geomorphicprocessesandlandforms,210
Process-basedclassificationofchannelpatterns,139 CliffR.Hupp,SimonDufourandGudrunBornette
Hierarchicalclassifications,140
10.1 Introduction,210
Integratingtemporaltrajectoriesinclassificationschemes,141
10.2 Scientificbackground:plantecological–fluvialgeomorphic
7.3 Interactionsbetweengeomorphicclassificationsand
relations,210
ecology,143
10.3 Vegetationasatool:anoverview,211
7.4 Geomorphicclassificationandqualityofriver
10.4 Dendrogeomorphologyinfluvialsystems,216
environments,144
Floodsandinundation,217
7.5 Applyinggeomorphicclassificationschemestofluvial
Sedimentdepositionanderosion,218
systems,148
Temporaltrends,220
Datacollectionasdistinctfromidentifyingchanneltype,148
10.5 Descriptionoffluviallandformsthroughvegetation,220
Toolsusedtoclassifyspatialunitsfromdata,148
Fluviallandformsandfloods,221
Emergenceofdatamining:theendandbeginningof
Readinglandformsthroughvegetation,222
classification?,149
10.6 Communitiesasanindicatorofdisturbanceregime,223
Limitationsandmisuseofclassificationinfluvial
10.7 Conclusions,225
geomorphology,150
References,226
Channelclassification:toolorcrutch?,152
Acknowledgements,153
References,153
Section V: Analysis of Processes and
8 Modellingcatchmentprocesses,159
Forms: Water and Sediment Interactions
PeterW.DownsandRafaelRealdeAsua
8.1 Introduction,159 11 Channelformandadjustment:characterization,
8.2 Approachestocatchmentprocessesmodelling,160 measurement,interpretationandanalysis,237
8.3 Conceptualmodels,160
AndrewSimon,JanineCastroandMassimoRinaldi
8.4 Problem-centredinterpretativemodels,161
8.5 Data-drivenempiricalmodels,163 11.1 Introduction,237
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11.2 Characterizationandmeasurement,237 13.6 Samplinganddescribingthesurfaceofgravelbeds,284
Longitudinalprofileandbedelevationcharacterizationand Faciesmapping,284
measurement,238 Thepebblecountorgridsampling,284
Cross-sectionalcharacterizationandmeasurement,241 Visualestimates,287
Planformcharacterizationandmeasurement,242 Photographicgridmethods,287
Three-dimensionalcharacterizationandmeasurement,244 13.7 Subsurfacesamplingmethods,289
Bedandbankcharacterizationandmeasurement,246 Bulkcoresampling,289
Channel-formingdischargecharacterizationandmeasurement,247 Freeze-coresampling,289
Comparingbulkcoreandfreeze-coresampling,290
11.3 Interpretationandanalysis,249
13.8 Samplesizerequirements,290
Empiricalmethods,250
Adequatesamplesizesforbulkgravelsamples,290
Deterministicmethods,252
Samplesizeandreproducibilityofpebblecounts,292
11.4 Conclusions,254
13.9 Comparabilityofpebblecountsandbulksamples,293
References,254
13.10 Samplingstrategy,293
12 Flowmeasurementandcharacterization,260 Critiqueofsomepopularbedsamplingmethods,294
PeterJ.Whiting 13.11 Applicationsofbedsedimentsamplingrelatedtoaquatic
habitat,295
12.1 Introduction,260 Measurementoffinesedimentaccumulationinpools:V*,295
12.2 Velocitymeasurement,260 Assessingsalmonidspawninggravelquality,296
Floats,260 Measuringinfiltrationoffinesedimentintospawninggravels,296
Mechanicalcurrentmeters,261 13.12 Casestudy:determiningchangesinfinesedimentcontent
Electromagneticcurrentmeters,262 duringflushingflows,TrinityRiver,California,297
AcousticDopplervelocimeters,263 Descriptionofcasestudysite,297
AcousticDopplercurrentprofilers,264 Casestudymethodsandresults,297
LaserDopplervelocimetry(LDV),265 Visualestimatesofsurficialfinesedimentina3kmreach,298
Othervelocitymeasurements,265 Visualestimatesandpebblecountsatdetailedstudysites,298
Bulksamplingatdetailedstudysites,298
12.3 Dischargemeasurements,265
13.13 Casestudy:applicationofV*toFrenchandBearCreeks,
Integrationofpointmeasurements,266
California,298
AcousticDopplercurrentprofiling,266
FrenchCreek,298
Ratingcurves,267
BearCreek,299
Flumes,268
13.14 Conclusion:selectinganappropriatesamplingmethod,299
Weirs,268
Acknowledgement,302
Ultrasonicmethods,269
References,302
Dilutionandtracergauging,269
‘Moving-boat’method,270 14 Coarseparticletracinginfluvialgeomorphology,306
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Electromagneticmethod,270 MarwanA.HassanandAndréG.Roy
Correlationofpointmeasurementswithdischarge,270
14.1 Introduction,306
Othertechniquesfordischargedetermination,270
Generaloverviewofcoarseparticletracingtechniques,306
12.4 Indirectmethodsofdischargeestimation,270 Recoveryrateandpopulationsize,310
Slope–areamethod,270 Injection,310
Contractionmethod,271 Detection,311
Step-backwatermodelling,271 Interpretations,311
12.5 Flowhydrographsandanalysisofflowrecords,271 Hydraulicdata,311
Flowhydrograph,271 14.2 Tracingmethods,312
Flowdurationcurves,272 Exoticparticles,312
Extremevalueplots,272 Paintedparticles,312
12.6 Issuesinselectingmethods,273 Fluorescentpaint,312
Purposeofmeasurements,273 Radioactivetracers,313
Pre-existingdata,273 Ferruginoustracers,313
Precisionandaccuracy,274 Magnets,314
Channelattributes,274 Artificialmagneticenhancement,315
Automaticdetectionofmagnetictracers,315
Hydrologicalattributes,274
Radiofrequencyidentificationandpassiveintegratedtransponders
Siteaccessibilityandinfrastructureformakingmeasurements,275
(PITtags),316
Equipment,275
Radiotracking,318
Time,275
14.3 Conclusion,319
Cost,275
Acknowledgements,319
12.7 Conclusion,275
References,319
References,275
15 Sedimenttransport,324
13 Measuringbedsediment,278
D.MurrayHicksandBasilGomez
G.MathiasKondolfandThomasE.Lisle
15.1 Introduction,324
13.1 Introduction,278 15.2 Basicconcepts,324
13.2 Attributesandreportingofsedimentsizedistributions,278 15.3 Suspendedloadsamplingandmonitoring,326
Presentingparticlesizedistributioncurves,279 Overview,326
Statisticaldescriptors,279 Suspendedsedimentgaugings,326
13.3 Particleshapeandroundness,282 Continuousmonitoring,328
13.4 Surfaceversussubsurfacelayersingravelbedrivers,283 Suspendedsedimentratings,330
13.5 Samplingsandandfinergrainedsediment,283 Eventsuspendedsedimentyields,332
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Suspendedsedimentparticlesize,332 17.7 Physicalmodels,394
Synopticsampling,334 17.8 Overviewofthemodellingprocess,394
15.4 Bedloadsampling,measurementandprediction,335 17.9 Modellingapplicationsinfluvialgeomorphology,395
Overview,335 17.10 Genericframeworkforfluvialgeomorphologicalmodelling
Bedloadsampling,335 applications,397
Bedloadtraps,337 17.11 Casestudy:meanderdynamics,399
Bedloadtracer(seeChapter14),337 17.12 Conclusion,402
Morphologicalmethods,337 Acknowledgements,403
Bedloadequations,338 References,403
Bedloadratingcurves,341
15.5 Totalload,342 18 Modellingflow,sedimenttransportand
15.6 Estimatingsedimentyieldsfromreservoirsedimentation,342 morphodynamicsinrivers,412
15.7 Keypointsfordesigningasedimentmeasurement
JonathanM.Nelson,RichardR.McDonald,Yasuyuki
programme–asummary,343
15.8 Caseexample:sedimentbudgetforUpperCluthaRiver,New Shimizu,IchiroKimura,MohamedNabiandKazutakeAsahi
Zealand,345 18.1 Introduction,412
Acknowledgements,347 Overview,412
References,347
Thecoupledmodelconcept,413
16 Sedimentbudgetsasanorganizingframeworkin 18.2 Flowconservationlaws,413
Conservationofmassandmomentum,413
fluvialgeomorphology,357
Reynoldsstressesandturbulenceclosures,414
LeslieM.ReidandThomasDunne
Hydrostaticassumption,416
16.1 Introduction,357 Coordinatesystems,416
Thesedimentbudgetdefined,357 Spatialaveraging,418
Historyandapplications,358 Dispersioncoefficients,419
16.2 Understandingandassessingcomponentsofthesediment Bedstressclosure,419
system,360 18.3 Sediment-transportrelations,419
Hillslopeprocessesandsedimentdeliverytostreams,360 Bedloadtransport,420
Sedimenttransportinchannels,364 Suspendedloadtransport,420
Channelandfloodplainsedimentstorage,364 Erosionequation,421
Thecatchment:integratingthesedimentsystem,365 Gravitationalcorrectionstosedimentfluxes,421
16.3 Designingasedimentbudget,366
18.4 Numericalmethods,421
Identifyingthestudyobjectives,367
18.5 One-dimensionalmodels,422
Necessaryandsufficientprecision,367
One-dimensionalprocesses,423
Componentstobeanalysed,367
(cid:2) Spatialscaleofanalysis,368 One-dimensionalmodels,423 (cid:2)
18.6 Two-dimensionalmodels,423
Temporalscaleofanalysis,369
Two-dimensionalprocesses,424
Selectionofanalysismethods,370
Two-dimensionalmodels,424
Integratingtheresults,371
Barevolution,426
Auditingthesedimentbudget,371
Assessinguncertainty,372 Examplesoftwo-dimensionalmodelapplication,426
16.4 Examples,373 18.7 Three-dimensionalmodels,426
EvaluatingsedimentproductionfromahurricaneinHawaii,373 Three-dimensionalprocesses,427
PrioritizingerosioncontrolonroadsintheOlympicMountains, Three-dimensionalmodels,428
Washington,USA,374 Three-dimensionalsediment-transportmodels,429
16.5 Conclusions,375 Barevolution,429
References,375 Examplesofthree-dimensionalmodelapplications,429
18.8 Bankevolutionmodels,432
18.9 Bedformmodels,432
18.10 Practicalconsiderations,435
Section VI: Discriminating, Simulating
Choosinganappropriatemodel,435
and Modelling Processes and Trends Themodellingprocess,436
18.11 Conclusionsandfuturedirections,439
17 Modelsinfluvialgeomorphology,383 References,439
MarcoJ.VandeWiel,YannickY.RousseauandStephen
19 Modellingfluvialmorphodynamics,442
E.Darby
JamesE.Pizzuto
17.1 Introduction,383
19.1 Introduction,442
17.2 Conceptualmodels,385
Theprocessofmorphodynamicmodelling,442
17.3 Statisticalmodels,385
Morphodynamicmodelling:scienceorart?,443
17.4 Analyticalmodels,387
Twocategoriesoffluvialmorphodynamicmodels,443
Extremalhypothesisapproaches,387
Bankstabilityanalyses,388 19.2 Modellinglongitudinalprofiles,443
17.5 Numericalmodels,389 Alluvialrivers,443
Conceptsofnumericalmodelling,390 Bedrockrivers,444
Reductionistmodels,391 19.3 Modellinghydraulicgeometryofrivers,445
Reducedcomplexitymodels,392 19.4 Modellingchannelplanforms,447
Benefitsanddisadvantages,393 Meanderingchannels,447
17.6 UseofremotesensingandGISinfluvialgeomorphological Braidedchannels,449
modelling,393 Anastomosingchannels,449
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