Table Of ContentTools for Working with Guidelines
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Jean Vanderdonckt and Christelle Farenc (Eds)
Tools for Working with
Guidelines
Annual MeetingoftheSpecial InterestGroup
Springer
JeanVanderdonckt
Institutd'AdministrationetdeGestion(lAG),UniversitecatholiquedeLouvain(UCL),
PlacedesDoyens 1,B-1348Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium
ChristelleFarenc
LaboratoireInteractionHommeSysternes,UniversiteToulouse1,PlaceAnatole,31042
ToulouseCedex,France
ISBN1-85233-355-3 Springer-VerlagLondonBerlinHeidelberg
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Table of Contents
ProgramCommitteeMembers ix
InvitedSpeakers
1. RealPlaces,3DInterfaces for Office Applications 1
D.Roberts
2. AUser CenteredDesign Based Approach toStyle Guides 15
R. Torres
Guidelinesfor UniversalDesign
3. ALaboratoryofErgonomicAnalyses for Children Suffering
from Cerebral Palsy 35
M.Noirhomme-Fraiture, Cl. Charriere,andJ.Vanderdonckt
4. Design Criteria ofaHandbookforWeb Accessibility 51
P.-L Emiliani,P. Graziani, andL Burzagli
5. CheckingW3C WAI User Agent Guidelines against Browsers
FollowingUI4All principles 59
S.Mermet
6. Guidelinesfor DevelopingAssistive ComponentsforInformation
Appliances-DevelopingaFrameworkfor aProcess Model 67
N. Koppen,J.Nitschke,H. Wandke,andM.van Ballegooy
SoftwareTools for Workingwith Guidelines
7. ADatabaseApproach toBuilding and Using Online Human Computer
InteractionGuidelines 77
A. Parush
8. Sherlock:ATool TowardsComputer-AidedUsability Inspection 87
e.
D.Grammenos,D.Akoumianakis,and Stephanidis
9. CompletingHuman FactorGuidelines byInteractive Examples 99
H. Wandke andJ.Huttner
10.AGeneric Approach inAutomatingStyle GuideTests 107
T.LinzandM.Daigl
GuidelinesinIndustrialContexts
11.Approaches totheEvolvingHuman-ComputerInterface:
Application toInteractiveComputerizedProcedures inHigh-Risk Industries....117
J.e.
H.S. Blackman, B.P.Hallbert, Byers,S.G.Hill,andW.J. Reece
12.AQuestionnaire-basedDiscount EvaluationMethod usingGuidelines
forProcess Control InteractiveApplications 127
Ch. Kolski, B.Riera, andT.Berger
13.AnInternationalStandard on Control CenterErgonomics under DevelopmenL139
e.
O.Holmstroem
vi ToolsforWorkingwithGuidelines
IncorporationofGuidelinesintoMethods
14.IncorporatingHuman Factors into aMethod for Designingof
AdaptiveUser Interfaces 147
E.Furtado
15.ImplementationSupportof Guidelinesthrough DirectedEvaluationand
Re-engineering 157
Ch.Stary
16.AppliedHeuristicEvaluationintheSystem DevelopmentProcess 173
J.FranssonandB.P.Andersson
Organizational,Commercial,andSocial AspectsofGuidelines
17.ASociologicalFrameworkfor GroupwareDesign-Guidelines 183
M. Pieper
18.MakingGuidelinesWork through Collaboration:
IntegratingStandardsand Guidelines intoSoftwareDevelopmentLifecycle.....191
E.RosenzweigandCh.Modica
19.DifficultiesinUsing Style Guides for Designing User Interfaces 197
T.Vogt
20.The Use ofUSERfit Methodology toTeach Usability Guidelines 209
J.AbascalandC.Nicolle
21.Towards aLibraryofGeneric GuidelinesforSpecifying
Multi-ThreadedDialogs 217
E.Mbaki
GuidelinesinSoftwareEngineering
22.Tools for Working with GuidelinesinDifferentInterfaceDesign Approaches..225
H. Reiterer
23.Use ofFormalizedGuidelinesforSemi-automatedGenerationofGUI:
theErgo-Conceptor-Tool 237
F.Moussa andM. Riahi
24.ASmall Knowledge-basedSystem forSelectingInteractionStyles 247
J. Vanderdonckt
25.SoftwareEngineeringinUser InterfaceDesign with Guidelines
-from TraditionalApplicationstotheWeb Sphere- 263
H.-J.Hoffmann
Guidelinesand EvaluationMethods
26.ATool for Evaluationusing DynamicNavigationinaSetofQuestions 273
O.HCtandPh. Trigano
27.ProposingGuidelinesfor Usability Inspection 283
M.-F. CostabileandM.Matera
28.TransferringKnowledgeofUser InterfacesGuidelines totheWeb 293
D.Scapin,J. Vanderdonckt, Ch. Farenc, R. Bastide, Ch.Bastien, C.Leulier,
C.Mariage,Ph.Palanque
ToolsforWorkingwithGuidelines vii
29.Theories,ModelsandTemplates:AHarmoniousTrilogy
forthePropagationofGuidelines 305
J.Rosbottom
SpecialTopicsinGuidelines
30.PatternsasToolsforUserInterfaceDesign 313
M. van Welie,G.c. vander Veer,andA. Eliens
31.AComparativeUsabilityStudyofElectronic Newspapers 325
C.MariageandJ.Vanderdonckt
32.Guidelinesfora'Proximal' UserInterface 339
A.Basden
33.HowdoUsersPerceiveApplyingWebDesignGuidelines? 357
Q.LimbourgandJ.Vanderdonckt
AuthorIndex 374
ToolsforWorkingwithGuidelines ix
Program Committee Members
DemostheneAkoumianakis,ICS-Forth, Greece
James Alty, UniversityofLoughborough,United Kingdom
Marie-FranceBarthet,Univ.ToulouseI,France
Noelle Carbonnel,LORIA/INRIANancy, France
Martin Colbert, Kingston University, United Kingdom
Alain Derycke,UniversiteLille I,France
Annie Drouin, EDF/GDFClamart,France
Erik Duval, KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven, Belgium
WolfgangDzida,GMD, Germany
ChristelleFarenc, LIHS, Universite ToulouseI& I.UT.deTarbes,France
(ProgrammeCommitteeChair)
Eddy Flerackers,LimburgsUniversitairCentrum, Belgium
Jose Gaussin, UniversitecatholiquedeLouvain, Belgium
Kari Hamnes, Telenor, Norway
Scott Henninger, Universityof Nebraska, USA
MasaakiKurosu, ShizuokaUniversity, Japan.
JonathanLazar,TowsonUniversity, USA
VeroniqueLiberati,SRTP, LaPoste,France
MoniqueNoirhomme-Fraiture,Fac.Univ. Notre-DamedelaPaix, Belgium
Dina Notte, ERGODIN,Belgium
Jean-MarcRobert, Ecole Polytechnique deMontreal, Canada
DominiqueScapin, INRIA Rocquencourt, France
Jean Scholtz,NIST, USA
ConstantineStephanidis, ICS-Forth,Greece
Jean Vanderdonckt, Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium (Conference
Chair)
Organization Committee Members
MicheleRouet, ESTIA, France
Annie Drouin,EDF/GDFClamart, France
QuentinLimbourg, Universite catholiquedeLouvain, Belgium
CelineMariage,UniversitecatholiquedeLouvain, Belgium
Web site design
ChristelleFarenc, LIHS, UniversiteToulouse1&I.UT.deTarbes, France
Reall'laces, 3D Interfaces for Office Applications
Dave Roberts
EaseofUse,IBMUnitedKingdomLtd,MP5,BirminghamRoad,
Warwick,EnglandCV345JL
[email protected]
Abstract.TheRealPlaces designguidelinesdescribeathree-dimensionalenvi
ronment.ARealPlacesenvironmentmightbeusedtoreplacethenow-conven
tionaltwo-dimensional shell.Thispaperpresentsaframework structuringthese
guidelines,andforuser-interfaceguidelinesingeneral.Italsodescribessomeof
theguidelines,howtheyweredevisedandhowtheyhelptheuser.
1 Introduction
Users of business applications first interacted using command lines, then with full
screen character interfaces and now with object oriented graphical user interfaces
(GUIs). At the sametime games machines have progressed from Pongto virtual real
ity.In 1995 our team from IBM set out todefine a new generation of'shell'for OS/2.
The shell was never produced, but the work was published as a set ofdesign guide
lines [1].The RealPlaces Guidelinesdescribea 3-dimensional user environment,such
as mightbe created using VRML 2.0 on the Internet. Such an environmentmightalso
be used as a desktop replacement, a potential next step in the evolution of today's
QUI interface. These guidelines are based on two years ofiterative analysis, design,
prototyping, and user testing. Our intent was to understand crucial issues associated
with using 3D techniques in a business application environment where training and
productivity concerns are paramount. We share these guidelines with the intent that
others benefit from our work,especially the users ofapplications that take advantage
ofthe powerof3D presentation.
1.1 Context
As our work started, Microsoft were about to release Windows 95, including the new
object-oriented shell-conforming largely to the 1991 Common User Access (CUA)
guidelines [2]. Many 'adventure' style games, such as Myst [8], and action games
such as Doom [9] had adopted 3D interfaces.Simplified shells for Windows 3.1 had
appeared such as Bob from Microsoft and KidDesk from Edmark. The RealPlaces
team included many of the people who had produced the CUA Guidelines and the
OS/2 Workplace. In that previous work they had examined concepts such as Xerox
Rooms. They had also worked the team at Taligent who developed the "People,
Places and Things"conceptafew years earlier.
J. Vanderdonckt et al. (eds.), Tools for Working with Guidelines
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2001
2 RealPlaces,3DInterfacesforOfficeApplications
1.2 Process
When itstarted theRealPlaces project wasexpected togrow toasignificantsize. The
members of the teams for the project were drawn from those areas of IBM which
were expected to be involved inan OS/2 based product: OS/2 development, User In
terface Architecture and Component Architecture. Professionals from each of these
teams were assigned to workgroups which concerned themselves with the different
aspects of the project:
• ObjectModel:theobjects thatare available tothe user and how they interact.
• Components:the smallerobjects thatare used tobuild the more significantones.
• Visual Style:how everything looks.
• Interaction: details of interactions with object, including policies that apply to
many objects.
• Configuration:how toadjust the system according to individual needs and equip
ment.
• Guidance:help for learning and problem solving.
• Interoperability:how to this solution would integrate with existing software and
how users would migrate.
• Technology:how thesolution should bebuilt.
1.3 Testing
We wanted to be able to show the value of athree-dimensionalshell. One key to this
was testing. As aresult of the work wedid with our prototypes to test user's reaction
toRealPlaces we concluded that the following items would have a significant impact
of the usability of thesystem:
• Include amap of the environmentshowing thecurrent location of the user and the
location of keyobjects.
• Group objects according tothe user's tasks, design rooms so that their purpose and
contents areclear.
• As well as allowing navigation by keyboard allow navigation by mouse and allow
users toswitch between methods atany time.
• Provide a method where clicking on an object from a distance would bring the
user close tothatobject.
• Provide users with ample feedback, especially of application launch, so that the
user does notgetfrustrated and tryactions several times
2 Structure
Based on our previous work on eUA, we knew that one of the key aspects was the
focus on structure.Weclassified allofour work intwo ways. First,weconsidered the
aspect of the application which any rule effects.Second,we considered the degree of
specificityof theguideline.
