Table Of ContentTools and Methods for Pollution Prevention
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2. Environmental Security - Vol. 62
Tools and Methods for Pollution
Prevention
edited by
Subhas K. Sikdar
National Risk Management Researh Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinatti, Ohio, U.S.A.
and
Urmila Diwekar
Department of Engineering and Public Policy and
the Environmentallnstitute,
Carnegie Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Tools and Methods for Pollution Prevention
Prague, Czech Republic
12-14 October 1998
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-5926-5 ISBN 978-94-011-4445-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4445-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record ing or by
any information storage and retrieval system, without writlen permission from the copyright
owner.
To my mother Biva Sikdar, and in memOlY of
my late father Tarapada Sikdar
To my parents, Leela and Murlidhar Diwekar,
and my husband, Sanjay Joag
Contents
FOREWORD xi
TOOLS FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
S. K. Sikdar, J. Drahos, and E. Drioli
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES: A VIEW FROM THE CHEMICAL COMMUNITY IN THE
CZECH REPUBLIC 5
J. Horak
PROMOTING CLEANER PRODUCTION AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVEMENT
OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION - EXPERIENCE FROM NEWLY INDEPENDENT STATES 19
R. Oblina
POLLUTION PREVENTION: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE ROMANIAN
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY - LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST
STEP TO POLLUTION PREVENTION 39
V. Harceag, G. Winkelbauer and M. Hri
INDUSTRY APPROCHES TO LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT - GERMAN
EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS OF A COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN SURVEY 51
G. U.S choll
THE APPLICATION OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT TO PROCESS
SELECTION, DESIGN AND OPERATION 69
R. Clift and A. Azapagic
LCA: COMPARISON BETWEEN RECYCLE AND REUSE OF GLASS BEER
BOTTLES 85
T. Mata and Carlos A.V. Costa
SIMPLIFIED LCA TO IDENTIFY ECOSYSTEM BASED DETERGENT
POLICIES FOR THE DANUBE BASIN COUNTRIES 97
1. Ijjas
viii
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IN POLLUTION PREVENTION - TRENDS IN
METHOD DEVELOPMENTS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS 119
H. Wenzel
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN A LIFE-CYCLE FRAMEWORK:
PRACTICAL APPROACHES FOR DECISION MAKING 131
1. A. Todd
THE ECO-INDICATOR 98 EXPLAINED - LCA IMPACT ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGY INTENDED FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION 141
M. J. Goedkoop
THE ROLE OF MASS BALANCE MODELING IN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 157
D. Mackay and R. Seth
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF METHOD
TYPES AND KEY FACTORS 181
P. M. Harper
PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR UTILITY-BASED POLLUTION
PREVENTION 189
P. Stehlik
SYNTHESIS OF BATCH PROCESSES WITH INTEGRA TED SOLVENT
RECOVERY 205
P. Barton, B. Ahmad, W. Cheong, and J. Tolsma
SUSTAINABLE POLLUTION PREVENTION THROUGH MASS
INTEGRATION 233
M. M. EI-Halwagi
PROCESS DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT AL PROBLEMS 277
U. Diwekar
COMPUTER AIDED PRODUCT DESIGN AND POLLUTION PREVENTION
THROUGH SUBSTITUTION 299
R. Gani and P. Harper
DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN SOLVENT SUBSTITUTES 317
H. Cabezas, R. Zhao, 1. C. Bare, and S. R. Nishtala
MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION - HISTORY, DRIVING FORCES AND CURRENT
DEVELOPMENTS 333
1. R. Steward and W. 1. Swindall
ix
POLLUTION PREVENTION ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR
MANUFACTURERS 343
G. Eskamani
APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR
INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT AL CONSIDERATIONS INTO PROCESS
DESIGN DECISIONS 367
W. Dechapanya, T. N. Rogers, J. R. Baker and P. P. Radecki
FOREWORD
Difficult ethical and political issues confront the application of scientific and
technological solutions for preventing pollution from occurring. Often the questions
embodying proposed solutions to known problems are ambiguous; and no singular
solution can exist for all locations. Yet the common organizing principle for all
solutions to environmental problems must be scientific, because only sound science can
provide a rational understanding that decision-makers can use universally. The NATO
Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on Tools and Methods for Pollution Prevention
(October 12-14, 1998, Prague, Czech Republic) was designed to assemble experts from
NATO and former socialist countries of Eastern Europe to discuss science-based tools
and methods, either available or in development, that can be used to analyze
environmental impacts of manufacturing processes and manufactured products. The
presentations at the workshop were written up specifically for the purpose of this book,
albeit after peer reviews and thorough revisions. Most of the chapters focus on specific
method development for designing environmentally benign processes or products.
Several chapters take a broader view and focus on such designs from an
implementation perspective, and dwell on ethical conflicts, resistance to change
because of inertia or inadequate infrastructure, and on the lack of resources. We placed
these chapters at the beginning of the book.
The volume starts with the overview by Sikdar et aI., who describe the scope
and difficulties of pollution prevention in the manufacturing sectors. They also provide
a synopsis of the various tools that will be needed to achieve great reduction in
environmental pollution, which is adversely affecting human health, ecosystems, and is
passing to future generations a great burden of correcting the impairment.
Barriers to pollution prevention are many. A small metal finishing facility
may not have the means to understand, appreciate, and evaluate the environmental
consequences of their actions. A whole society may not realize its responsibility in
protecting the environment because of tradition. In either domain, the ultimate goal
will to implement may be limited by inability to invest in cleaner designs and methods.
Horak, Oblina, and Eskamani deal with these issues in their chapters.
Among the tools for pollution prevention, life cycle analysis (LCA) always
generates a debate between believers and non-believers. Todd's chapter points out that
the key to LCA is the "life cycle thinking" and incorporation of a life cycle perspective
in decision making. Scholl's chapter on the industrial experience with LCA supports
this premise and provides practical insights. Ranging from small-scale industries such
as. beer bottle recycling (Mata et al.) to nationwide industrial sectors such as the iron
and steel industry (Harceag and Winckelbauer) in Romania or detergent policy (Ijjas)
for the Danube basin countries, several chapters highlight the importance of LCA in
decision making. Clift and Azapagic provide a formal structure for a multi-objective
decision making in an LCA framework. Wenzel identifies key issues and future needs
in the LCA tool development.
xi
