Table Of ContentOUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
OXFORD STUDIES OF ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
GENERALEDITOR:StephenR.Anderson,YaleUniversity
ADVISORY EDITORS: W.F.H. Adelaar, University of Leiden; Peter Austin, School of
Oriental and African Studies; Jonathan David Bobaljik, University of Connecticut;
ClaireBowern,YaleUniversity;DavidBradley,LaTrobeUniversity;SandraChung,
University of California, Santa Cruz; Alice C. Harris, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst; K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College; Larry Hyman, University of
California, Berkeley; Christian Lehmann, University of Erfurt; Osahito Miyaoka,
Max PlanckInstitute forEvolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig;Pamela Munro, Uni-
versityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
PUBLISHED
KayardildMorphologyandSyntax
ErichR.Round
TheClause-TypingSystemofPlainsCree
Indexicality,Anaphoricity,andContrast
ClareCook
ToneandAccentinOklahomaCherokee
HirotoUchihara
INPREPARATION
Surmiran
ASwissRumantschLanguage
StephenR.Anderson
Archi
ComplexitiesofAgreementinCross-TheoreticalPerspective
EditedbyOliverBond,GrevilleG.Corbett,MarinaChumakina,
andDunstanBrown
HeadMarkinginYucatecMaya
ElisabethNorcliffe
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Tone and Accent in
Oklahoma Cherokee
HIROTO UCHIHARA
1
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
3
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents
GeneralPreface xii
Preface xiv
ListofAbbreviations xvi
Introduction
. ToneandaccentinOklahomaCherokee
. TheCherokeelanguage
.. Geographiclocation
.. Geneticaffiliation
.. Speakersandvariation
. Previousstudies
. Databaseforthisstudy
. Orthography
.. Segmentalorthography
... RepresentationofC+hclusters
... Vowellength
.. Conventionsforwritingtonesandaccents
.. TheCherokeeSyllabary
. Theoreticalassumptions
. StructureofCherokee
.. Theverb
... Theverbbase
... Aspectualsuffixes
... Modalsuffixes
... Reflexive/middleprefix
... Pronominalprefixes
... Pre-pronominalprefixes
.. Thenoun
.. Theadjective
.. Stemalternations
... LaryngealAlternation
... Tonicity
. Organizationofthebook
Segmentalinventory
. Vowelphonemes
.. Vowelquality
.. Vowellength
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
vi Contents
. Consonantphonemes
.. Plosives
.. Affricates
.. Fricatives
.. Resonants
.. Laryngealconsonants
.. PhonologicalstatusoftheChsequences
.. Internallycomplexsegments:c,kw,andtl
... c
... kw,tl
. Word-finalvowels
.. Word-finalvoweldeletion
.. Toneandlengthoftheword-finalvowel
Phonotacticsandsyllablestructure
. Phonotactics
.. CCsequences
... Oneofthemembershastobes,h,orʔ
... SonoritySequencingPrinciple
... RRandRTsequences
.. CCCsequences
.. CCCCsequences
. Syllablestructure
.. Onset
.. Rhyme
... Nucleus
... Coda
. Segmentalprocessesandconstraints
.. VowelDeletionandh-Metathesis
... VowelDeletion
... h-Metathesis
.. *VVʔ
.. *Cʔ
. Relevanceofthemoraandthesyllable
.. Relevanceofthesyllable
... Superhighassignment
... Hassignment
... ClosedSyllableShortening
... Speakers’intuition
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents vii
.. Relevanceofmora
... TonebearingunitofHandH
... *TROUGH
.. Summary
. Conclusion
Overviewofthetonesandaccents
. ThetonalandaccentualinventoryofOklahomaCherokee
.. Lowtone
.. Hightone
.. High–lowandlow–hightones
.. Lowfalltone
.. Superhigh
.. Summary
. Distributionoftones(tonotactics)
.. Gaps
.. Raresequences(–instances)
.. Commonsequences(morethaninstances)
. Conclusion
Lowfalltone
. Fromaglottalstop
. PronominalTonicLowering
. Pronominalprefixbeginningwithii-
. Conclusion
TonalphonologyofH
. GeneralpropertiesofH
. ObligatoryContourPrinciple
.. HDeletion
.. HDisplacement
.. Summary
. WhenHisoverriddenbyanothertone
.. HDeletion
.. HDisplacement
.. Summary
. FloatingH
. HSpreading
.. Introduction
.. BlockingofHSpreading
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
viii Contents
... Precedingsyllableisshort
... Precedingsyllablealreadyhasamarkedtone(MAX-T)
... PrecedingsyllableisprecededbyanotherH(*TROUGH)
... Domaineffect
... Exceptions
.. Summary
. Conclusion
ThesourceofH
. GlottalstopasthesourceofH
.. Co-occurrenceofaglottalstopandH
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation
.. BlockingofVowelDeletion/h-Metathesis
.. AttractionofH
.. AlternationofHwithlowfalltone
.. Comparativeevidence
.. Summary
. CaseswhereaglottalstopfailedtoinduceH
.. GlottalgradeofLaryngealAlternation
.. Tonicityandlexicalcategory
... Tonicityofverbs
... Nouns,adjectives
.. Summary
. Aconsequenceoftheanalysis:directionoftonespreading
. Conclusion
HistoricalsourceofHalignment
. HistoricalsourceofHalignment
. Justificationfortheinternallyreconstructedforms
.. Relativeorderofaglottalstopanditsadjacentconsonant
.. Historicalvowellength
. Illustrativeexamples
.. Types(i),(ii),(*V(C)ʔ)
.. Types(iii),(iv),(*VV(C)ʔ)
.. Types(v),(vi),(*VʔC)
.. Types(vii),(viii),(*VVʔC)
. Conclusion
Hightoneonthefinalmoraofthestem(H)
. PhonologicalpropertiesofH
.. Directionofspreading
.. Atonicforms
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,10/2/2016,SPi
Contents ix
. Lexicalandmorphosyntacticconditionsdeterminingthe
presenceofH
.. Lexicalconditions
... Verbs
... Nouns
.. Morphosyntacticfunction:punctualformsofverbs
. Conclusion
Floatinghightonefrompre-pronominalprefixes(H)
. PhonologicalpropertiesofH
.. Tone-bearingunit
.. Directionofspreading
.. Atonicforms
.. BlockingofLaryngealAlternation
. PositionofH
.. VowellengthofthePPP
... WhenthevowelofthePPPislong
... WhenthevowelofthePPPisshortornon-existent
... WhenthereismorethanonePPP
... Summary:vowellengthofthePPP
.. Presenceofanunderlyingvowel
.. Presenceofaglottalstop
.. Peculiarbehaviorsofpronominalprefixesbeginningwithii-
.. PeculiarbehaviorsofCISLandNEG
... Cislocative
... Negative
. BlockingofHassignment
.. PPPswhichdonotassignH:RELandNEG(andsomePART)
.. BlockingbyPronominalTonicLowering
.. Blockingbysuperhighaccent
.. Morphosyntacticcategories
. CherokeefloatingHinabroadercontext
.. Quantity-insensitiveiambicpitch-accent?
.. InvisibilityoftheshortvowelofthePPP
... ShortvowelofPPPisextrametrical
... Againstanepenthesisanalysis
... Againsta“weightless”analysis
. Conclusion
Superhighaccent
. Positionofthesuperhighaccent:default-to-opposite
.. Basicprinciple:onthelastlongvowel
.. Whenthereisnolongvowel
