Table Of ContentTobacco V1_http_608 7/9/04 11:41 AM Page 1
SCRIBNER TURNING POINTS LIBRARY
Tobacco
in History and Culture
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
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Tobaccoin History and Culture
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Editorial Board
Editor in Chief
JORDAN GOODMAN
Honorary Research Fellow
Wellcome Trust Centre
University College, London
Board Members
MARCY NORTON
Assistant Professor of History
George Washington University
MARK PARASCANDOLA
Cancer Prevention Fellow
National Cancer Institute
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SCRIBNER TURNING POINTS LIBRARY
Tobacco
in History and Culture
A N E N C Y C L O P E D I A
JORDAN GOODMAN
Editor in Chief
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Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia
Jordan Goodman
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Tobacco in history and culture : an encyclopedia / Jordan Goodman, editor in chief.
2 v. cm. – (Scribner turning points library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Addiction–Music, popular–v. 2. Native Americans–Zimbabwe.
ISBN 0-684-31405-3 (set hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 0-684-31406-1 (volume 1) – ISBN
0-684-31407-X (volume 2) – ISBN 0-684-31453-3 (e-book)
1. Tobacco–History–Dictionaries. 2. Tobacco–Social aspects–Dictionaries. 3. Smoking–
History–Dictionaries. I. Goodman, Jordan. II. Series.
GT3020.T594 2004
394.1'4–dc22 2004007109
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-684-31453-3 (set)
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Tobaccoin History and Culture
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Contents
Color Plates Body 81 F
Botany (History) 85 Film 231
EIGHT PAGES OF COLOR
Brazil 88 Fire Safety 238
PLATES APPEAR NEAR THE
British American Tobacco 92 French Empire 240
CENTER OF EACH VOLUME
British Empire 96
G
Volume 1
C Genetic Modification 245
Gitanes/Gauloises 248
Preface ix Calumets 103
Globalization 251
Timeline xiii Camel 105
Caribbean 107
A H
Chemistry of Tobacco and Tobacco
Addiction 1 Hallucinogens 259
Smoke 111
Additives 6
Chesapeake Region 117
Advertising 11 I
Chewing Tobacco 125
Advertising Restrictions 19 Industrialization and
China 129
Technology 261
Africa 23
Christianity 135
Insurance 267
Age 31
Cigarettes 144
Intellectuals 270
Air Travel 33
Cigars 150
Iranian Tobacco Protest
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other
Class 153 Movement 272
Drugs 35
Connoisseurship 155 Islam 274
American Tobacco Company 42
Consumption (Demographics) 167
Antismoking Movement Before
Cuba 186 J
1950 45
Japan 277
Antismoking Movement From
1950 51 D Judaism 281
Antismoking Movement in Developing Countries 193
K
France 59 Disease and Mortality 199
Kentucky 285
Appetite 61 Doctors 214
Kretek 287
Archaeology 66 Documents 216
Architecture 71 Dutch Empire 219
L
Arents Collection 73
Labor 291
B E “Light” and Filtered
Bad Habits in America 77 English Renaissance Tobacco 223 Cigarettes 298
Black Patch War 80 Ethnicity 226 Literature 302
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CONTENTS
Litigation 307 Plantations 423 Sports 597
Lobbying 314 Politics 428 State Tobacco Monopolies 599
Lucky Strike 318 Portuguese Empire 440
Lung Cancer 320 Processing 447 T
Product Design 450 Taxation 603
M
Prohibitions 456 Therapeutic Uses 609
Marketing 327 Psychology and Smoking Tobacco as an Ornamental
Marlboro 337 Behavior 467 Plant 616
Mayas 339 Public Relations 473 Tobacco Control in
Medical Evidence (Cause Australia 619
and Effect) 343 Q Tobacco Control in the United
Menthol Cigarettes 348 Quitting 481 Kingdom 622
Mexico 350 Quitting Medications 488 Tobacco Industry Science 625
Middle East 355 Tobacco Mosaic Virus 628
R
Missionaries 360 Toxins 630
Music, Classical 364 Regulation of Tobacco Products in Trade 634
the United States 491
Music, Popular 369
Retailing 496 U
United States Agriculture 653
Volume 2 S
“Safer” Cigarettes 505
Timeline vii V
Sailors 509
Virginia Slims 663
N Secondhand Smoke 512
Visual Arts 665
Shamanism 517
Native Americans 375
Sharecroppers 522
Nazi Germany 382 W
Slavery and Slave Trade 525
New Deal 385
Warning Labels 675
Smoking Clubs and
Nicotine 387
Women 679
Rooms 533
O Smoking Restrictions 535
Y
Oceania 393 Smuggling and Contraband 542
Youth Marketing 689
Opium 396 Snuff 547
Youth Tobacco Use 694
Origin and Diffusion 397 Social and Cultural Uses 551
Ostracism 403 Soldiers 568
Z
South and Central America 570
Zimbabwe 699
P South Asia 575
Philip Morris 407 South East Asia 579
Philippines 410 Spanish Empire 585 Contributors List 703
Pipes 414 Sponsorship 593 Index 707
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Editorial and
Production Staff
PROJECT EDITOR PRODUCT DESIGN
Ken Wachsberger Kate Scheible
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR IMAGING AND MULTIMEDIA
Cindy Clendenon Dean Dauphinais
Lezlie Light
DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Dan Newell
Sarah Turner Kelly Quin
PROOFREADING, COPYEDITING COMPOSITION
Shane Davis Evi Seoud
Bill Kaufman
Gina Misiroglu MANUFACTURING
Anna Nesbitt Rita Wimberley
Patricia Onorato
Aarti Stephens SENIOR DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
Nathalie Duval
INDEXER
Linda Fetters EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
John Fitzpatrick
PERMISSIONS
Margie Abendroth PUBLISHER
Lori Hines Frank Menchaca
Ann Taylor
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Preface
T
obacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia is a unique resource. It is a single
authoritative encyclopedia on every aspect of tobacco, one of the world’s most perva-
sive substances. We expect this encyclopedia to be used by a wide variety of groups.
While it is a useful resource for high school and college curricula in courses on his-
tory, business, health, and political science, it is also a scholarly resource for those
doing research related to tobacco and its history.
There are over 130 entries in this encyclopedia, each written by an expert in his
or her field. The editorial team has assembled the best contributors from all the fields
in which tobacco exists—historians, anthropologists, sociologists, economists,
botanists, chemists, pharmacologists, physicians, epidemiologists, biostatisticians,
lawyers, activists, policy makers and analysts, and collectors. Many of our authors
fit more than one of these descriptors. We have endeavored to cover the entire history
of tobacco, from its prehistory in Mesoamerica to the most recent developments.
Because tobacco knows no political boundaries, the scope of this encyclopedia is
international.
In the pages that follow the reader will find a vast array of information, histor-
ical and contemporary, from throughout the world. Entries cover the scientific aspects
of tobacco, its botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Here the reader will find out
what the tobacco plant is, how it grows, and the chemicals it makes. Special attention
is given to nicotine, the plant’s psychoactive ingredient. Some chemicals are present in
the plant but others are produced when tobacco is burned. These, too, are discussed in
the encyclopedia, with the most up-to-date information available.
The tobacco plant requires special cultivation and processing in order to bring it
to the point at which it can be consumed. There are specialized entries on all the
aspects of bringing tobacco leaf to market. Slave plantations, sharecropping, peasant
and tenant farming, and other methods of organizing tobacco cultivation and the labor
associated with it are fully considered; as are the methods of growing, harvesting, and
curing the leaves and getting them to the manufacturers. The reader will learn in these
pages of the diverse types of tobacco leaf and the different ways tobacco is consumed.
“Virginia,” “Burley,” “flue-cured”—words that are often used when talking about
tobacco—are given clear definitions.
Tobacco leaves have been consumed in many ways, all of which, with the excep-
tion of the modern cigarette, were known in the Americas before the arrival of Christo-
pher Columbus at the end of the fifteenth century. The pipe, the cigar, and the cigarette
are the most common forms of consuming the smoke from burning tobacco, but there
are many other, more local, forms of smoking that are less common. While we are now
accustomed to think of burning the leaf as the most common way of consuming
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PREFACE
tobacco, it has not always been so. Tobacco has been consumed as a drink, in the form
of an infusion; it has been chewed; and it has been taken in powder form in the mouth
and as a nasal preparation. While we generally think of tobacco as a recreational sub-
stance it has not always been that way. For many centuries, and up to quite recently
in the west, tobacco was used for medical needs, in the form of poultices for abrasions
and infections and enemas for ailments of the gut. The reader will find a wealth of fas-
cinating material about these methods of consumption in the encyclopedia.
The cigarette—shredded tobacco leaf in a paper wrapper with or without a filter—
is a recent addition to the myriad ways of consuming tobacco. It is the icon of the
modern tobacco industry. In the encyclopedia, the reader will find entries on all aspects
of the cigarette, from its first appearance in the early nineteenth century to its indus-
trialization with mass-production machinery in the late nineteenth century and to its
contemporary dominance over all other methods of consuming tobacco throughout
the world. Entries on the business side of cigarette production discuss big players, both
companies and individuals, in the history of this singular object; the role of advertis-
ing; globalization; and competition.
Tobacco has always been a regulated substance, whether in pre-Columbian Amer-
ica or early twenty-first century New York City. The history of regulation forms an
important part of the encyclopedia. Select entries deal with local, national, and inter-
national regulation; with anti- and pro-smoking organizations; with advertising and
sponsorship bans; and with age and gender proscriptions.
Consuming tobacco has its own varied and highly fascinating history. Whether
we think about it as a sacred and highly ritualized substance in native America or
as a recreational substance in a secular setting, tobacco has cultural meanings in all
the societies in which it has had a place. The means of consuming tobacco, as well
as the practices associated with that consumption—the technologies, the artifacts
(cigarette papers and packs, cigar boxes, snuff bottles and boxes), the paraphernalia
(cigarette cases and holders, tobacco containers, lighters, ashtrays, and clothing), even
the gestures—are culturally active. These are discussed in the pages that follow.
Smoking, in particular, has spawned a substantial cultural industry. Whether
through literature, art and photography, film, or music, both popular and classical,
tobacco has been the object of cultural comment. The representations of tobacco and
its consumers have been a powerful element of the history of the substance and entries
on its cultural manifestation abound in the encyclopedia.
Tobacco has been a powerful agent of European settlement overseas and European
colonialism. The economic development of Spanish America, Brazil, the Chesapeake
colonies of Virginia and Maryland, the Caribbean islands, French and Dutch posses-
sions in the Americas, Africa, and Southeast Asia has been, to a greater or lesser extent,
affected by tobacco cultivation and its culture. Almost as soon as they realized that
taxing tobacco was a lucrative business, whether by imposts or by regulating manu-
facture and sales through monopolies, European governments have recognized the
value of growing tobacco in their distant possessions. This has been true from the six-
teenth to the twenty-first century, and users of the encyclopedia will be rewarded with
full discussions of tobacco’s role in extending European power worldwide over this
long period of time.
The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a remarkable change in our
relationship with this remarkable plant. Tobacco has been implicated as a major cause
of some of the deadliest of diseases and has been blamed for millions of premature
deaths worldwide. Attacks on the use of tobacco have come from a wide variety of
directions, from the health sector, from environmental groups, from nutritionists and
fitness experts, from workers exposed to secondhand smoke, from human rights
groups, not to mention government agencies themselves, often using scientific evidence
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