to download the text pages for Segment 5, pages 108-143 in PDF.

36 Pages·2012·10.66 MB·English

0° 20°E 40°E 60°E 80°E
Chapter The Rise of
ArcticCircle
Muslim World, A.D. 1200
4
N
Muslim States
W E 60°N
S
EUROPE
HOLY
ROMAN
Before You Read: Knowledge Rating Tours EMPIRE
ASIA
Venice
Recognizing what you already know about each of these Aral
Sea
t eIrbmersi acna nP ehneinlpsu ylao u undbeurrsetaauncdra tchye chapsttaenrd:ing army PIebneirnisaunla Corsica SardiRnioameBYZANDaTnIubNeER. EMCoPBnIlsaRtcakEnStienaople CaspianSe 40°N
golden age factions mercenaries Córdoba Granada Ti a
I n 3y o=u Ir k nnootwe bwohoakt ,t hraist ew ohrodw m weaenlsl .you know each term. Tangier Kairouan MedSiticeirlyranCeraAetnleeSxeaandrCiayDparmusascus EuphratesRgris.R.Baghdad PERSIA Kabul
Jerusalem
Landsconqueredby661
2 = I’ve seen this word, but I don’t know what it means. Cairo
1 = I’ve never seen this word before. LEaxntednstcoofnMquuselriemdinbfylu7e5n0ce,1200 S A H A R A ARMAeBdIiAnNa PersianGulf IndusR.
Define each term in your notebook as you read. R
MapQuest.Com,Inc. TropicofCancer e
d Mecca Arabian
0 500 1000miles
Big Ideas About the Spread of IslamMcDougal-Littell,7thgradeW0orld5H00istor1y000Pkriloomgertaerms Timbuktu Sea PENINSULA Sea 20°N
wh07pe-0204co-006 R.
Geography Migration, trade, warfare, and the action of MuslimStatesLocator Nile
missionaries spread ideas and beliefs. Finaldate:6/23/04
AFRICA
Arab armies conquered a huge empire. The Arabs introduced to
the newly conquered lands the Arabic culture and the Muslim faith.
In turn, they adopted features of the cultures of these lands. This
cultural blending created a distinct way of life. INDIAN
Mogadishu
Equator 0°
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Integrated Technology
Mombasa
INTERNET RESOURCES OCEAN
• Interactive Maps Go to ClassZone.com for Kilwa
• Interactive Visuals • WebQuest • Quizzes
• Starting with a Story • Homework Helper • Maps
• Research Links • Test Practice
• Internet Activities • Current Events
661 711 750
Umayyads come Umayyads begin Abbasids overthrow
to power and establish their conquest the Umayyads.
their capital in Damascus. of Spain. (Abbasid mosque)
690 800
Empress Wu Chao rules in ▲ Pope crowns
her own name in China. Charlemagne Holy
Roman Emperor.
108
MapQuest.Com,Inc.
McDougal-Littell,7thgradeWorldHistoryProgram
wh07pe-0204co-001
MuslimWorld,1200
4thproofdate:6/23/04
0° 20°E 40°E 60°E 80°E
ArcticCircle
Muslim World, A.D. 1200
N
W E 60°N
S
EUROPE
HOLY
ROMAN
Tours EMPIRE
ASIA
Venice
Aral
Sea
PIebneirnisaunla Corsica SardiRnioameBYZANDaTnIubNeER. EMCoPBnIlsaRtcakEnStienaople CaspianSe 40°N
Córdoba Granada Ti a
Tangier Kairouan MedSiticeirlyranCeraetneSea CyDparmusascus EuphratesRgris.R.Baghdad PERSIA Kabul
Alexandria
Jerusalem
Landsconqueredby661
Cairo
LEaxntednstcoofnMquuselriemdinbfylu7e5n0ce,1200 S A H A R A ARMAeBdIiAnNa PersianGulf IndusR.
R
TropicofCancer e
d Mecca Arabian
0 500 1000miles
0 500 1000kilometers Timbuktu Sea PENINSULA Sea 20°N
R.
e
Nil
AFRICA
INDIAN
Mogadishu
Equator 0°
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Mombasa
OCEAN
Kilwa
Mid-900s
Al-Andalus (Muslim
Spain) prospers 1000s 1200s
during the reign of Muslim learning in science Muslim literature flourishes.
Abd al-Rahman III. and medicine flourishes. ▲ (Muslim scholars reading)
960 1095 1206
Song Dynasty is Pope Urban II calls for a Temujin unites the
established in China. “crusade” to win back the Mongols and takes
(Song vase) ▲ Holy Land from the Muslims. the title Genghis Khan.
109
MapQuest.Com,Inc.
McDougal-Littell,7thgradeWorldHistoryProgram
wh07pe-0204co-001
MuslimWorld,1200
4thproofdate:6/23/04
Reading 3.2
Students identify
events that advance
the plot and deter-
mine how each
event explains past
or present action(s)
or foreshadows
future action(s).
Background: Muslim civilization developed along with
the remarkable growth of its cities. Many great Muslim
cities, such as Damascus, had existed for centuries. Others,
such as Cairo, began as army camps. They were set up to
guard Muslim rulers in newly conquered lands. Still others
were planned to be great capitals by Muslim rulers. As you
read the following story, imagine that you’re living in one
of the greatest of these capital cities—Baghdad.
An early map of Baghdad shows the system of canals between the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers that provided the city with water. ▲
110
Starting with a Story
Y
ou are a student living in the magnificent city of Baghdad. You only
recently left your village to come live with your uncle. His apartment
is in a neighborhood in the Round City at the very heart of Baghdad.
He told you that the residential areas of the Round City were built for the
caliph and his family. Years ago, however, they moved to grand palaces on
the outskirts of Baghdad. Now the Round City is a collection of neighborhoods
just like the one you live in.
As you stand on the balcony of your uncle’s apartment, you look out over
your neighborhood. It’s certainly very different from your village. There’s
a market where you can buy everything from carpets to oranges. It’s not
unusual to see merchants from half a world away selling their goods there.
You’ve seen silks and porcelain from China, spices and dyes from India,
gold and ivory from Africa, and furs and live falcons from Russia.
For you, however, the most amazing thing about the neighborhood is
the gardens. It almost never rains in Baghdad, but practically every courtyard
has a small garden. Most consist of an ornamental fountain and reflecting
pool surrounded by an incredible display of colorful flowers. It seems
to you that the splashing of the water from the fountains is the music of
everyday life in Baghdad.
Your uncle often tells you that the neighborhood has everything you
need and that you really don’t have to leave it. But you’re not so sure.
From your uncle’s balcony you can see the roofs of buildings beyond your
neighborhood. You decide to take a look at the rest of Baghdad.
What do you think the rest of Baghdad
will look like?
1. READING: Plot The plot of a story is the sequence of
events in the story. With a partner, identify the various
events that make up the plot in the story. Explain how
the decision at the end of the story foreshadows future
actions. (To foreshadow means to give an indication or
suggestion of future events.)
2. WRITING: Narration Write a paragraph describing what
you think you will find on your journey through the rest of
Baghdad. After you have finished, read the chapter to learn
more about Baghdad and other great Muslim cities.
Writing 2.1
Write fictional or autobiographical narratives.
111
Lesson
1
MAIN IDEAS
Government The Umayyads expanded Muslim

rule to the east and westward into Europe.
Government The Umayyads built a unified

empire based on a strong government, a
common language, and a common coinage.
Government By 750, religious and political

differences caused the Muslim Empire to split.
TAKING NOTES
Reading Skill: Finding Main Ideas
Identifying the main ideas in a passage will help
you understand key historical events. As you read
each section of this lesson, look for essential
information on the main ideas. Record this
information in a chart like the one shown below. ▲ Banner of Muhammad
This illustration from a
Umayyad Unifying Umayyad Spanish manuscript shows
Expansion the Empire Downfall Muslim soldiers carrying the
banner of Muhammad.
Skillbuilder Handbook, page R2
7.2.4 Discuss the expansion of CST 1 Students explain how major CST 3 Students use a variety of
Muslim rule through military events are related to one another maps and documents to identify
conquests and treaties, in time. physical and cultural features
emphasizing the cultural blending of neighborhoods, cities, states,
within Muslim civilization and the and countries and to explain the
spread and acceptance of Islam historical migration of people,
and the Arabic language. expansion and disintegration
of empires, and the growth of
economic systems.
112 • Chapter 4
TERMS & NAMES
The Expansion Iberian Peninsula
bureaucracy
Abd al-Malik
of Muslim Rule
Build on What You Know You might have seen on the
television news that when a leader dies or resigns, a power
struggle follows to determine his or her successor. After
Muhammad died, several groups fought for control of the Muslim
world. In 661, the Umayyad family won this power struggle.
The Umayyads built a great empire with Damascus (located in
present-day Syria) as its capital.
Expansion Under the Umayyads
Connect to Today
ESSENTIAL QUESTION What lands did the Umayyads add to the

Muslim Empire? The Great Mosque,
Damascus The
Once the Umayyads had taken control, they began to conquer magnificent Great
new lands. In less than 100 years, their empire spanned parts of Mosque was
three continents—Asia, Africa, and Europe. originally built by
the Umayyads. ▼
Expansion to the East Under the Umayyads,
the Muslim Empire expanded. When they took power
in 661, the empire’s eastern boundary extended into
Persia. (See the map on the next page.) They quickly
pushed that border farther eastward into Central Asia.
At first, Umayyad armies staged hit-and-run raids,
attacking such cities as Bukhara (boo•KAHR•uh) and
Samarkand. These were the region’s major trading centers.
Soon, however, occasional raids turned into organized
campaigns for conquest. By the early 700s, the Umayyads
had taken control of much of Central Asia.
113
Mapnote:
Standardtypesizeshavebeenreducedduetomapscaleandamountofinfoshown.
Expansion Under the Umayyads,A.D.661–750 N E
Paris
Tours SyrDaryaR. W S
Venice
ATOLCAENATNIC SeTvoillleedoSCPóArIdNoKbaairouan RoSBimcYileZyACNDoTannIsubNtaenERt.inEoMpBlPelaIcRkSEea CaspianSea MervBukShaamraarkand 30°N
TripoliMediterranCeraenteSea Damascus BaghdadPERSIA IndusR. 20°N
Alexandria Jerusalem
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Cairo ARABIA PersianGulf
Arabian
INTERPRETING MAPS Medina Sea
Location What bodies of water Re Mecca 0 500 1000miles
mark the eastern and western d 0 500 1000kilometers
S
e
boundaries of the Umayyad Empire? a
R. LandsconqueredbyMuslimsby661
Nile LandsconqueredduringUmayyadrule
10°W 0° 10°E 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E
Westward Expansion The Umayyads also expanded the empire
to the west. By 710, they controlled the whole of North Africa from
the Nile River to the Atlantic Ocean. The following year, they movedM apQuest.Com,Inc.
northward across the Mediterranean Sea into the Iberian Peninsula.
McDougal-Littell,7thgradeWorldHistoryProgram
The Iberian Peninsula is the southwestern tip of Europe where the wh07pe-020401-003
modern nations of Spain and Portugal are locatedE. xUpsainnsgio mnuinlidtearryth eUmayyads,661-750
3rdproofdate:6/23/04
force and treaties, they took control of nearly all of the peninsula.
From strongholds in Spain, Muslim forces launched raids ever
deeper into Europe. However, Christian forces stopped their advance
in 732 at the Battle of Tours. (See the map above.) Over the next few
years, Muslim forces retreated back to Spain.
How did the Umayyads expand the Muslim world?
Uniting Many Peoples
ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Umayyads build a unified empire?

By the early 700s, the Umayyads controlled a huge empire that
covered many lands. As a result, Umayyad leaders needed to take
steps to unite and govern the many peoples of this far-flung empire.
Umayyad Government The Umayyads patterned their
government on the bureaucracy used in the lands they won Vocabulary Strategy
from the Byzantine Empire. A bureaucracy is a system of The suffix –cracy means
“government” and
departments and agencies that carry out the work of the
“rule.” It comes from a
government. Umayyad caliphs, through this bureaucracy,
Greek word that means
ruled the entire empire from their capital city of Damascus. “strength” or “power.”
114 • Chapter 4
To rule the different provinces of the empire, the caliphs appointed
Muslim governors called emirs (ih•MEERZ). These emirs relied on
local clan leaders to help them govern. Working with local leadership
helped the Umayyads win support in lands far from Damascus.
A Common Language and Coinage At first, language
served as a barrier to unity in the empire. People in different parts
The Hajj This Persian
of the empire spoke their own languages. Abd al-Malik (uhb•DUL painting shows a
muh•LIHK), who became caliph in 685, solved this problem. He caravan of pilgrims on
declared Arabic the language of government for all Muslim lands. the road to Mecca. ▼
Having a common language for government helped
people throughout the empire communicate more
easily with other regions. Even so, most Muslims
still spoke their own languages in everyday life.
Around 700, Abd al-Malik further unified the
empire by introducing a common coinage. Coins
were engraved with Arabic quotations from the
Qur’an. The coins helped the spread and acceptance
of Islam and the Arabic language. They also made
commerce among the different parts of the empire
much easier.
The Pilgrimage Muslims from across the empire
made the pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca. On the
hajj, pilgrims shared their languages and cultures.
In addition, they brought knowledge of the Arabic
culture and Umayyad rule back to their homelands.
So the pilgrimage helped bring about the blending
of many different cultures.
How did the Umayyads unify the scattered

Muslim states?
The Overthrow of the Umayyads
ESSENTIAL QUESTION What caused the Muslim Empire to split?

The Umayyads conquered many new lands and brought Islam to large
numbers of people. By the mid-700s, however, the Umayyads faced
major challenges to their rule.
Rising Protests Some Muslims felt that the Umayyads did not take
their duties as leaders of Islam seriously. They accused the Umayyads
of being too interested in living a life of luxury and holding on to
power. Over time, different groups throughout the empire began to
protest Umayyad rule.
The Rise of Muslim States • 115
The Abbasids One group, the Abbasids (uh•BAS•IHDS), gained
support from other Muslims who opposed the Umayyads. By 750,
these combined forces had taken power. According to some historians,
the Abbasids invited Umayyad leaders to a meeting to talk about
peace. At that meeting, the Umayyads were murdered.
Only one prominent Umayyad, Abd al-Rahman (uhb•DUL
Gold Coin The
rahk•MAHN), escaped this ambush. He fled to Spain. There, inscription on this
he re-established the Umayyad dynasty. After this, the Muslim coin is the Muslim
Empire was permanently split into eastern and western sections. declaration of
faith: There is no
Why did the Umayyads lose power? God but Allah, and
Muhammad is his
Prophet. ▼
Lesson Summary
• The Umayyads rose to control all Muslims and
create a huge empire.
• Umayyad caliphs created a large bureaucracy to
serve the far-flung Muslim lands.
• Religious and political differences among Muslim
groups eventually ended Umayyad rule.
Why It Matters Now . . .
Muslims continue to learn the Arabic language in order
to practice their religion, as they did in Umayyad times.
1 Lesson
Review Homework Helper
ClassZone.com
Terms & Names Main Ideas
1. Explain the importance of 3. How did the Umayyads bring new lands into
Iberian Peninsula bureaucracy Abd al-Malik the Muslim Empire? (7.2.4)
4. How did the Umayyads unite the many lands
Using Your Notes
and peoples of the Muslim Empire? (7.2.4)
Finding Main Ideas Use your completed chart to
5. What were some of the problems that triggered
answer the following question:
the Umayyads’ downfall? (7.2.4)
2. What was the greatest accomplishment of the
Umayyads? Give reasons for your answer. (7.2.4) Critical Thinking
6. Comparing How did the policies of the Muslims
Umayyad Unifying Umayyad toward conquered lands compare with other
Expansion the Empire Downfall empire builders such as the Romans? (CST 1)
7. Drawing Conclusions What role did religion play
in the expansion of the Muslim Empire? (7.2.4)
Activity
Making a Map Take out the map that you began in Chapter 2. Then use the maps on pages 114
and 121 to draw in the boundaries of the Umayyad and Abbasid empires at their height. (Framework)
116 • Chapter 4
Extend Lesson 1
Make a Travel Brochure
Goals:
To identify the expansion of Muslim rule under the
Materials & Supplies
Umayyads; to work in a small group to create a travel brochure or
• books on Arab and
tour guide of the Umayyad Empire
Muslim history
• examples of tour guides
Prepare and travel brochures
• old magazines ready
1 Research the growth of the Umayyad Empire in this textbook for recycling
and in books on Arab and Muslim history. • scrap paper
2 Look at examples of tour guides and travel brochures. • pens
• scissors
Do the Activity • construction paper
• glue stick
1 With other group members, decide what you want to include
in your travel brochure. Items you might consider include
introductory materials, maps, time lines, short biographies, and
pictures and sketches. Don’t forget that the brochure needs a title.
2 On scrap paper, create a working layout of your tour guide.
3 Create the various items you want to include in the guide.
4 Assemble the items for your tour guide on a piece of
construction paper. Use glue sticks to ensure that all the
pieces are securely attached.
Follow-Up
Based on the materials you gathered for your
guide, write a one-sentence summary about the
Umayyad Empire.
Extension
Making a Presentation Display your guide
for the class. Explain why you included
the various items in the guide, noting
how they add to people’s understanding
of the Umayyad Empire.

7.2.4 Discuss the expansion of Muslim rule through military conquests
and treaties, emphasizing the cultural blending within Muslim civilization
and the spread and acceptance of Islam and the Arabic language.
The Rise of Muslim States • 117