Title Assessment of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by using intermittently-aerated ...

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Assessment of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by using
Title
intermittently-aerated sequencing batch reactors (IASBRs)
Author(s) Pan, Min
Publication
2013-10-16
Date
Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/4165
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Assessment of slaughterhouse wastewater
treatment by using intermittently-aerated
sequencing batch reactors (IASBRs)

Min Pan

Research Supervisors:
Dr. Xinmin Zhan, Civil Engineering, NUI Galway
Prof. Zhenhu Hu, School of Civil Engineering, Hefei
University of Technology, China

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National
University of Ireland, Galway
August 2013

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... I
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ..................................................................................... V
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................................... VII
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. IX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH BACKGROUND ................................................... 1
1.2 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 3
1.3 PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................... 3
1.4 STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION ........................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 7
2.2 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER ...................................................................... 7
2.3 SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT ................................................. 9
2.3.1 Preliminary and primary treatment ......................................................... 9
2.3.2 Secondary treatment ................................................................................ 10
2.4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR ........................................................................ 17
2.5 PARTIAL NITRIFICATION ................................................................................... 20
2.5.1 N cycle ....................................................................................................... 20
2.5.2 Biological nitrogen removal..................................................................... 21
2.6 N2O EMISSION FROM WWTP .......................................................................... 30
2.6.1 Mechanism of N O generation ................................................................ 33
2
2.6.2 Environmental conditions affecting N O emission ................................ 34
2
2.7 Biological P removal .................................................................................... 37
2.8 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 3
COMPARISON OF AN IASBR AND A SBR IN NUTRIENT REMOVAL
FROM WASTEWATER .......................................................................................... 39
3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 39
3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 39
3.2.1 Laboratory-scale reactors ....................................................................... 39
3.2.2 Synthetic wastewater ............................................................................... 39
3.2.3 Reactor operation ..................................................................................... 40
3.2.4 Batch experiments on P release ............................................................... 40
3.2.5 Analytical procedures .............................................................................. 41
I
3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................. 43
3.3.1 Overall performance of the IASBR and the SBR ................................. 43
3.3.2 Phase study on the nitrification, denitrification and P removal .......... 44
3.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 4
EFFECT OF CYCLE DURATION ON SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT USING IASB C .............................................................. 49
4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 49
4.2.1 Slaughterhouse wastewater ..................................................................... 51
4.2.2 Laboratory-scale IASBR system ............................................................ 51
4.2.3 Operation of the laboratory-scale IASBR systems ............................... 53
4.2.4 Analytical procedures .............................................................................. 54
4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 55
4.3.1 Overall performance of IASBRs............................................................. 55
4.3.2 Microbial community analysis ................................................................ 58
4.3.3 Cycle performance study ......................................................................... 62
4.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER 5
CHARACTERISTICS OF NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM THE IASBR
TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER IN STAGE 2 .................. 69
5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 69
5.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 69
5.2.1 Laboratory-scale IASBR system ............................................................ 69
5.2.2 N O measurement .................................................................................... 69
2
5.2.3 Calculation of N O emission and generation ......................................... 70
2
5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................ 72
5.3.1 N O generation and emission during a typical cycle in the IASBRs ... 72
2
5.3.2 N O generation in nitrification ............................................................... 76
2
5.3.3 N O generation in denitrification ........................................................... 78
2
5.3.4 Effect of PHB on N O generation ........................................................... 80
2
5.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER 6
EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIC LOADING RATE ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL
IN THE IASBRS TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER ........... 85
6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 85
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................. 85
6.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .............................................................................. 86
6.3.1 Overall performance of IASBRs............................................................. 86
6.3.2 Cycle performance study ......................................................................... 92
6.3.2.1 Stage 3 .................................................................................................... 92
6.3.2.2 Stage 4 .................................................................................................... 96
6.3.4 N O emission and generation .................................................................. 99
2
6.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 107
CHAPTER 7
MICROBIAL COMMUNITY ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN
II
IASBRS TREATING SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER AT 11 OC ....... 109
7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 109
7.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 109
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 109
7.3.1 Microbial community analysis in Stage 3 ............................................ 109
7.3.2 Microbial community analysis in Stage 4 ............................................ 114
7.3.3 Operation conditions affecting the microbial community of AOB, NOB,
and PAOs .......................................................................................................... 118
7.3.4 Sludge growth ......................................................................................... 123
7.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 125
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 127
8.1 OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................... 127
8.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................. 127
8.2.1 Comparison of IASBR and SBR technologies on nutrient removal .. 127
8.2.2 Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using IASBR at 11 oC ........... 128
8.2.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 131
8.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................ 131
BIBIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................. 133
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 1
APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATION DURING PHD RESEARCH ......... 1
APPENDIX B: ANALYTICAL METHODS ..................................................................... 3
APPENDIX C: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 3 .................................. 5
APPENDIX D: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 4 .................................. 9
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 5 ................................ 35
APPENDIX F: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 6 ................................. 51
APPENDIX G: RESEARCH DATA ASSOCIATED TO CHAPTER 7 .............................. 103

III
IV
List of Abbreviation

A2SBR Anaerobic-anoxic SBR NO --N Nitrite-nitrogen
2
ABR Anaerobic baffled reactors NO --N Nitrate-nitrogen
3
AF Anaerobic filter OLR Organic loading rates
AMO Ammonia mono-oxygenase O&G Oil and grease
ANAMMOX Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing OM Organic matter
AOB Ammonia oxidizing bacteria PAC Polyaluminium chloride
AUR NH +-N utilization rates PAOs Phosphorus accumulating organisms
4
BNR Biological nitrogen removal PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate
BOD 5-day biological oxygen demand PLC Programmable logic controller
5
COD Chemical oxygen demand PND Partial nitrification followed by denitrification
CO Carbon dioxide PO 3--P Phosphate-phosphorus
2 4
DAF Dissolved-air flotation TN Total nitrogen
DO Dissolved oxygen TKN Total Kjeldahl nitrogen
DPAOs Denitrification phosphate- accumulating organisms TOC Total COD
V
FA Free ammonia TON Total oxidized nitrogen
FISH Fluorescence in situ hybridization TP Total phosphorus
FNA Free nitrous acid SBR Sequencing batch reactor
FOGs Fat, oil and grease SCOD Soluble COD
HAO Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase SHRAON Single reactor with high activity ammonium removal over
Nitrite
HRT Hydraulic retention time SND Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification
IASBR Intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor SS Suspended solids
N O Nitrous oxide SRT Sludge retention time
2
NH +-N Ammonium-nitrogen UASB Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
4
NH OH Hydroxylamine VFA Volatile fatty acids
2
NLR Nitrogen loading rate VSS Volatile suspended solids
NOB Nitrite oxidizing bacteria WWPT Wastewater treatment plant
VI
Acknowledgment

I would like to thank my PhD supervisors: Dr. Xinmin Zhan in NUI Galway and
Professor Zhenhu Hu in Hefei University of Technology, China for their support,
encouragement, guidance and advice during this research.
I would like to acknowledge the Department of Civil Engineering, NUI Galway, and
the Chinese Scholarship Council supporting my study and living in Ireland.
I am grateful to Professor Padraic O’Donoghue, Dr. Piaras Ó hÉachteirn, Dr. Mark
Healy and Dr. Eoghan Clifford for their support and suggestion during my studies in
Civil Engineering at NUI Galway.
I would like to thank Dr. Linwen Xiao and Dr. Guangxue Wu for their great efforts to
improve my research and to revise my research papers.
I also want to thank friends in NUI Galway: Liam Henry, Colm Kennelly, Paul Forde,
Dr. Mingchuan Zhan, Dr. Zaki-ul-zaman, and Dr. Innya Kumar. Thanks a million for
their help and suggestion on my research work.
I am grateful to the technical staff in the Civil Engineering Department for their help.
They are Mr. Gerry Hynes, Ms Mary O’ Brien, Ms. Maja Drapiewsha, Ms. Brid
Flaherty, Ms. Carmel King, Ms. Maura McDonagh, Mr. Colm Walsh, and Mr. Peter
Fahy.
I thank the postdoctoral researchers, research officers and all my post-graduate
friends for their daily help.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my husband, Xiaoming Huang, for
their encouragement and the sacrifices they have made in getting me to this stage.
VII