Table Of ContentTISSUE REGENERATION
– FROM BASIC BIOLOGY
TO CLINICAL
APPLICATION
Edited by Jamie Davies
Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application
Edited by Jamie Davies
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for
commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which
ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work
has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in
any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the
work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify
the original source.
As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published
chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly
credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application, Edited by Jamie Davies
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0387-5
Contents
Introductory Tissue Regeneration – A Clinical
Chapter Science Whose Time Has Come 1
Jamie Davies
Part 1 Understanding and Manipulating
Endogeneous Healing of Tissues 11
Chapter 1 The Role of Physical Factors
in Cell Differentiation,
Tissue Repair and Regeneration 13
Monica Monici and Francesca Cialdai
Chapter 2 Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed
Ultrasound on Nerve Repair 35
Jiamou Li, Hua Zhang and Cong Ren
Chapter 3 Disinfection of Human Tissues in Orthopedic
Surgical Oncology by High Hydrostatic Pressure 55
Peter Diehl, Johannes Schauwecker,
Hans Gollwitzer and Wolfram Mittelmeier
Chapter 4 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Mimetics
Promote Tissue Regeneration: An Overview 69
Johan van Neck, Bastiaan Tuk, Denis Barritault and Miao Tong
Chapter 5 Angiogenesis in Wound Healing 93
Ricardo José de Mendonça
Chapter 6 Platelet and Liver Regeneration 109
Nobuhiro Ohkohchi, Soichiro Murata and Kazuhiro Takahashi
Chapter 7 Shared Triggering Mechanisms of Retinal
Regeneration in Lower Vertebrates
and Retinal Rescue in Higher Ones 145
Eleonora Grigoryan
VI Contents
Part 2 Application of Stem Cells 165
Chapter 8 The Therapeutic Potential of Stimulating
Endogenous Stem Cell Mobilization 167
Christian Drapeau, George Eufemio, Paola Mazzoni,
Gerhard D. Roth and Susan Strandberg
Chapter 9 Spermatogonial Stem Cells:
An Alternate Source of Pluripotent
Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine 203
Liz Simon, Marie-Claude Hofmann and Paul S. Cooke
Chapter 10 Therapeutic Application of Allogeneic Fetal
Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Transplantation in Regenerative Medicine 221
Shin Ishikane, Hiroshi Hosoda and Tomoaki Ikeda
Chapter 11 Mesenchymal Stem Cells in CNS Regeneration 237
Arshak R. Alexanian
Chapter 12 Therapeutic Potential of MSCs
in Musculoskeletal Diseases (Osteoarthritis) 261
José Ramón Lamas, Pilar Tornero-Esteban
and Benjamín Fernández-Gutiérrez
Chapter 13 Stem Cell-Mediated
Intervertebral Disc Regeneration 283
Namath S. Hussain, Vickram Tejwani and Mick Perez-Cruet
Chapter 14 Towards Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells:
Perspectives and Requirements
for Orthopaedic Applications 305
Marianna Karagianni, Torsten J. Schulze and Karen Bieback
Chapter 15 Oral Tissues as Source for Bone
Regeneration in Dental Implantology 325
Dilaware Khan, Claudia Kleinfeld, Martin Winter and Edda Tobiasch
Chapter 16 Technologies Applied to Stimulate Bone Regeneration 339
Arnaldo Rodrigues Santos Jr., Christiane Bertachini Lombello
and Selma Candelária Genari
Part 3 Use of Scaffolds 367
Chapter 17 Preparation of Deproteinized Human Bone and Its Mixtures
with Bio-Glass and Tricalcium Phosphate – Innovative
Bioactive Materials for Skeletal Tissue Regeneration 369
Magdalena Cieslik, Jacek Nocoń, Jan Rauch, Tadeusz Cieslik,
Anna Ślósarczyk, Maria Borczuch-Łączka and Aleksander Owczarek
Contents VII
Chapter 18 Endochondral Bone Formation
as Blueprint for Regenerative Medicine 399
Peter J. Emans, Marjolein M.J. Caron,
Lodewijk W. van Rhijn and Tim J.M. Welting
Chapter 19 Tissue Engineering in Low
Urinary Tract Reconstruction 425
Chao Feng and Yue-min Xu
Chapter 20 Novel Promises of Nanotechnology
for Tissue Regeneration 453
Abir El-Sadik
Part 4 Modeling and Assessment of Regeneration 471
Chapter 21 Non-Invasive Evaluation Method for Cartilage
Tissue Regeneration Using Quantitative-MRI 473
Shogo Miyata
Chapter 22 A Mathematical Model for Wound
Contraction and Angiogenesis 489
Fred Vermolen and Olmer van Rijn
Introductory Chapter
Tissue Regeneration – A Clinical
Science Whose Time Has Come
Jamie Davies
University of Edinburgh
UK
1. Introduction
Tissue engineering is the application of knowledge gained in the study of basic
developmental cell biology to the construction and repair of human bodies.
The surgically-focused side of the field has a long history, resting mainly on experience with
wound healing and ad-hoc attempts to improve it. A well-known and long-standing example
is modulation of bone healing by the application of physical force that gives rise to the
image of a patient in traction, so common on humorous 'get well soon' cards.
The more cell biological side of the field is younger because its development had to await
the gaining of significant amounts of basic knowledge in molecular cell biology, a field that
is only a few decades old. The coming together of cell biology and experimental surgery to
drive forward the development of tissue engineering is therefore a relatively recent
phenomenon and only in this century has tissue engineering really taken off as a major area
of research (Fig 1).
Fig. 1. Rapid growth of tissue engineering as a 21st century discipline. The graph shows the
number of publications returned by a Pubmed search for ' “tissue engineering” <year>'.
2 Tissue Regeneration – From Basic Biology to Clinical Application
Unlike many other young sciences, tissue engineering is growing very much as a global
enterprise, perhaps because of the ubiquity of surgery and therefore the visibility of obvious
need. It is noticeable, for example, that the contribution of China to research into tissue
engineering is currently approximately equal to that of the European Union (judged by
numbers of publications on a simple search: Figure 2).
Fig. 2. Growth of tissue engineering output by country. This graph was produced by
searching PubMed for '<year> “Tissue Engineering” xxxx', where <year> was '2000', '2005' or
'2010' and 'xxxx' was the name of a country, or a Boolean expression combining, with a
logical OR, a list of countries such as constituents of the European Union.
This global spread of research effort stands in marked contrast to the pattern seen in other
new fields such as synthetic biology, which has grown more-or-less in parallel to that of
tissue engineering and which is again very much of the twenty-first century. A comparison
of pie charts of the national origins of papers in the two young sciences shows the difference
immediately, about a third of research in tissue engineering coming from outside the USA
and the European Union while only around fifteen percent does so in synthetic biology. The
active engagement of so many countries and cultures in problems and applications of tissue
regeneration ought to be a great strength for the field, encouraging the development of
techniques suited to a wide range of problems and also to a wide range of health care
economies.
Wherever it is done, research into tissue regeneration can be divided into three
complementary sub-fields, and this book is organized around them. First, there is research that
aims to understand and manipulate the endogenous healing processes in human tissues. This
is the oldest part of the field. Second, there is the application of stem cell science to the
regeneration of tissues (or to their de novo generation). Third, there is the construction of
engineered scaffolds to guide normal healing processes and the behaviour of stem cells either
in culture or in vivo. These different aspects of tissue regeneration link and overlap but, for
convenience of organization, they will be considered in different sections of this book.
