Tissue optics : light scattering methods and instruments for medical diagnosis

1000 Pages·2014·78.53 MB·English

by  Tuchin, Valeriĭ Viktorovich

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tuchin, V. V. (Valerii Viktorovich), author.
Tissue optics : light scattering methods and instruments for medical diagnosis / Valery Tuchin. –
Third edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-62841-516-2
1. Tissues–Optical properties. 2. Light–Scattering. 3. Diagnostic imaging. 4. Imaging systems in
medicine. I. Title.
QH642.T83 2014
′
616.07 54–dc23
2014039083
Published by
SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email:
To My Grandkids
Dasha, Zhenya, Stepa, Serafim, and Ksusha
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Contents
Nomenclature xiii
Acronyms xxxiii
Preface to the First Edition xli
Preface to the Second Edition xlv
Preface to the Third Edition xlix
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE OPTICS 1
1 Optical Properties of Tissues with Strong (Multiple) Scattering 3
1.1 Propagation of Continuous Wave Light in Tissues 3
1.1.1 Basic principles and major scatterers and absorbers 3
1.1.2 Theoretical description 11
1.1.3 Monte Carlo simulation techniques 18
1.2 Short Pulse Propagation in Tissues 25
1.2.1 Basic principles and theoretical background 25
1.2.2 Techniques for time-resolved spectroscopy and imaging 28
1.2.3 Coherent backscattering 30
1.3 Diffuse Photon-Density Waves 31
1.3.1 Basic principles and theoretical background 31
1.3.2 Principles of FD spectroscopy and imaging of tissues 34
1.4 Spatially Modulated Light Propagation in Tissues 37
1.4.1 Introduction 37
1.4.2 Theory and measurement of diffuse light spatial
frequency spectrum 39
1.4.3 Spatially modulated spectroscopy and imaging of tissues 47
1.5 Conclusion 53
2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Tissues 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Tissue Structure and Anisotropy 56
2.3 Light Scattering by a Particle 60
2.4 Description and Detection of Polarized Light 61
vii
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viii Contents
2.5 Light Interaction with a Random Single-Scattering Media 64
2.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Equation 68
2.7 Monte Carlo Simulation 71
2.8 Strongly Scattering Tissues and Phantoms 80
3 Discrete Particle Models of Tissue 89
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Refractive-Index Variations of Tissue 90
3.3 Particle Size Distributions 91
3.4 Spatial Ordering of Particles 93
3.5 Scattering by Densely Packed Particle Systems 94
3.6 Optical Properties of Eye Tissues 100
3.6.1 Optical models 100
3.6.2 Spectral characteristics 118
3.6.3 Polarization properties 130
4 Optothermal, Optoacoustic, and Acousto-Optic Interactions of Light
with Tissues 137
4.1 Basic Principles and Classification 137
4.2 OA/PA Gas Cell Technique 141
4.3 Modulated (Phase) OA/PA Technique 142
4.4 Pulsed OA/PA 144
4.5 Grounds of OA/PA Tomography and Microscopy 146
4.6 Optothermal Radiometry 155
4.7 Optothermal Spectroscopy and Imaging 161
4.8 Acousto-Optical Interactions 174
4.9 Thermal Effects 180
4.10 Sonoluminescence 182
4.11 Prospective Applications and Measuring Techniques 184
4.11.1 Vascular imaging 184
4.11.2 Glucose monitoring 184
4.11.3 Quantification of total hemoglobin and blood oxygenation 186
4.11.4 Temperature measurement and monitoring of
temperature effects 187
4.11.5 In vivo cytometry and imaging of sentinel lymph nodes 193
4.11.6 OA/PA sensors and systems 197
4.12 Conclusion 202
5 Fluorescence and Inelastic Light Scattering 205
5.1 Fluorescence 205
5.2 Multiphoton Fluorescence 217
5.3 Vibrational and Raman Spectroscopies 225
6 Tissue Phantoms 231
6.1 Introduction 231
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Contents ix
6.2 Concepts of Phantom Construction 232
6.3 Examples of Designed Tissue Phantoms 235
6.4 Examples of Whole Organ Models 242
6.5 Summary 242
7 Methods and Algorithms for Measurement of the Optical Parameters
of Tissues 245
7.1 Basic Principles 245
7.2 Integrating Sphere Technique 295
7.3 Multiflux Models 296
7.4 Inverse Adding-Doubling Method 298
7.5 Inverse Monte Carlo Method 301
7.6 Spatially Resolved Techniques 304
7.7 Optical Coherence Tomography 309
7.8 Direct Measurement of the Scattering Phase Function 311
7.9 Estimates of the Optical Properties of Tissues 312
7.10 Determination of Optical Properties of Blood 316
7.11 Measurements of Tissue Penetration Depth and Light Dosimetry 324
7.12 Refractive Index Measurements 327
8 Coherent Effects at the Interaction of Laser Radiation with Tissues
and Cell Flows 359
8.1 Formation of Speckle Structures 359
8.2 Interference of Speckle Fields 367
8.3 Propagation of Spatially Modulated Laser Beams in a Scattering
Medium 368
8.4 Dynamic Light Scattering 371
8.4.1 Quasi-elastic light scattering 371
8.4.2 Dynamic speckles 372
8.4.3 Full-field speckle technique: LASCA 375
8.4.4 Diffusion wave spectroscopy 379
8.5 Confocal Microscopy 383
8.6 Optical Coherence Tomography 387
8.7 Digital Holographic and Interferential Microscopy 394
8.8 Second Harmonic Generation and Nonlinear Raman Scattering 404
8.9 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging 409
9 Controlling Optical Properties of Tissues 419
9.1 Fundamentals of Controlling Optical Properties of Tissue and Brief
Review 419
9.2 Tissue Optical Immersion by Exogenous Chemical Agents 425
9.2.1 Principles of optical immersion technique 425
9.2.2 Water transport 430
9.2.3 Tissue swelling and hydration 431
9.3 Optical Clearing of Fibrous Tissues 433
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x Contents
9.3.1 Spectral properties of immersed sclera 433
9.3.2 Scleral in vitro frequency-domain measurements 448
9.3.3 Scleral in vivo measurements 450
9.3.4 OCT monitoring of OCA and drug delivery in eye sclera
and cornea 453
9.3.5 Dura mater immersion and agent diffusion rate 457
9.4 Skin 459
9.4.1 Introduction 459
9.4.2 In vitro spectral measurements 461
9.4.3 In vivo spectral reflectance measurements 468
9.4.4 In vivo frequency-domain measurements 473
9.4.5 OCT imaging 475
9.4.6 OCA delivery, skin permeation, and reservoir function 480
9.5 Optical Clearing of Digestive Tract Tissue 488
9.5.1 Spectral measurements 488
9.5.2 OCT imaging 489
9.6 Optical Clearing of Other Tissues 491
9.6.1 Muscle 491
9.6.2 Breast and lung 496
9.6.3 Cranial bone 498
9.6.4 Tooth dentin 502
9.7 Other Prospective Optical Techniques 506
9.7.1 Polarization measurements 506
9.7.2 Confocal microscopy 509
9.7.3 Fluorescence detection 513
9.7.4 Two-photon scanning fluorescence microscopy 515
9.7.5 Second harmonic generation 518
9.7.6 Vibrational, Raman, and CARS spectroscopy 521
9.7.7 Tissue clearing in the terahertz range 522
9.8 Imaging of Cells and Cell Flows 523
9.8.1 Blood flow imaging 523
9.8.2 Optical clearing of blood 527
9.8.3 Cell studies 543
9.8.4 “Self-clearing” or metabolic clearing effects 548
9.9 Applications of the Tissue Immersion Technique 549
9.9.1 Glucose sensing 549
9.9.2 Characterization of atherosclerotic vascular tissues 558
9.9.3 Optical imaging of lymph nodes 559
9.9.4 Precision femtosecond laser surgery 560
9.9.5 Skin tattoo imaging and laser removal 563
9.10 Other Techniques for Controlling Tissue Optical Properties 573
9.10.1 Tissue compression and stretching 573
9.10.2 Temperature effects and tissue coagulation 584
9.10.3 Tissue whitening 588
9.11 Conclusion 589
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