Table Of ContentTISSUE CULTURE
IN FORESTRY
AND AGRICULTURE
BASIC LIFE SCIENCES
Alexander Hollaender, General Editor
Council for Research Planning in Biological Sciences, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 18 TRENDS IN THE BIOLOGY OF FERMENTATIONS
FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS
Edited by Alexander Hollaender, Robert Rabson, Palmer Rogers, Anthony
San Pietro, Raymond Valentine, and Ralph Wolfe
Volume 19 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF MICROORGANISMS FOR CHEMICALS
Edited by Alexander Hollaender, Halph D. DeMoss, Samuel Kaplan,
Jordan Konisky, Dwayne Savage, and Ralph S. Wolfe
Volume 20 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS
Edited by J. F. Lemontt and W. M. Generoso
Volume 21 GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: An Agricultural Perspective
Edited by Raymond A. Fleck and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 22 PLANT CELL CULTURE IN CROP IMPROVEMENT
Edited by S. K. Sen and Kenneth L. Giles
Volume 23 INDUCED MUTAGENESIS: Molecular Mechanisms and
Their Implications for Environmental Protection
Edited by Christopher W. Lawrence
Volume 24 ORGAN AND SPECIES SPECIFICITY IN CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Edited by Robert Langenbach, Stephen Nesnow, and Jerry M. Rice
Volume 25 BASIC BIOLOGY OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Edited by Alexander Hollaender, Allen I. Laskin, and Palmer Rogers
Volume 26 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS: An Agricultural Perspective
Edited by Tsune Kosuge, Carole P. Meredith, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 27 NEUTRONS IN BIOLOGY
Edited by Benno P. Schoenborn
Volume 28 GENETIC CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 29 SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES: 25 Years of Experimental Research
Part A: The Nature of SCEs
Part B: Genetic Toxicology and Human Studies
Edited by Raymond R. Tice and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 30 PLASMIDS IN BACTERIA
Edited by Donald R. Helinski, Stanley N. Cohen, Don B. Clewell,
David A. Jackson, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 31 GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEOTIDE POOL IMBALANCE
Edited by Frederick J. de Serres
Volume 32 TISSUE CULTURE IN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE
Edited by Randolph R. Henke, Karen W. Hughes,
Milton J. Constantin, and Alexander Hollaender
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new
volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information
please contact the publisher.
TISSUE CULTURE
IN FORESTRY
AND AGRICULTURE
Edited by
Randolph R. Henke
Karen W. Hughes
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Milton J. Constantin
Phyton Technologies, Inc.
Knoxville, Tennessee
and
Alexander Hollaender
Council for Research Planning in Biological Sciences, Inc.
Washington, D.C.
Technical Editor
Claire M. Wilson
Council for Research Planning in Biological S<!iences, Inc.
Washington, D.C.
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Tissue culture in forestry and agriculture.
(Basic life sciences; v. 32)
"Proceedings of the Third Tennessee Symposium on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
. . . held September 9-1 3, 1984, at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville"—P.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Plant tissue culture—Congresses. 2. Plant propagation—Congresses. 3. Agricul
ture—Congresses. 4. Forests and forestry—Congresses. I. Henke, Randolph. II. Ten
nessee Symposium on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (3rd: 1984: University of Ten
nessee, Knoxville) III. Series.
SB123.6.T57 1985 582'.007'24 85-585
ISBN 978-1-4899-0380-8
ISBN 978-1-4899-0380-8 ISBN 978-1-4899-0378-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0378-5
Proceedings of the Third Tennessee Symposium on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture,
entitled Propagation of Higher Plants Through Plant Tissue Culture III,
held September 9-13, 1984, at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
This symposium was supported by Grant No. 40-3187-4-1561 from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA); Grant No. DE-FG05-84ER1 3271
from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE); and Grant No. PCM 83182-38 from
the National Science Foundation (NSF). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the USDA, DOE, or NSF.
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1985
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1985
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1985
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
DEDICATION
L. Evans Roth
This publication of the University of Tennessee's third sym
posium on "The Propagation of Higher Plants Through Tissue Culture"
is dedicated to Dr. L. Evans Roth, Professor of Zoology, for his
leadership, encouragement, and contributions to the biological sci
ences at the University. As Vice Chancellor for Research and Grad
uate Studies, Dr. Roth recognized the new opportunities and bright
future developing in the plant sciences, particularly in the areas
of tissue culture and molecular biology. Through this close in
volvement with the plant science faculty, Dr. Roth has increased the
mutual cooperation and exchange of ideas with our local and national
colleagues through seminars, workshops, and symposia. Dr. Roth pro
vided the initial support that led to the first symposium that was
held at the University of Tennessee in 1978, he played a role in the
1980 symposium, and he was involved in this symposium, held in Sep
tember, 1984.
We feel particularly fortunate to have Dr. L. Evans Roth as an
advocate for biology and as a fellow biologist at the University of
Tennessee, and we are grateful for his service to the profession and
for his friendship.
-- The University of Tennessee Symposium Organizing Committee
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We extend our appreciation and gratitude to the University of
Tennessee and to several government agencies. commercial firms. and
numerous individuals who contributed funding and services in support
of the symposium. Specifically. we would like to thank the Univer
sity of Tennessee's Office of Research. the Agricultural Experiment
Station. and the College of Liberal Arts for their generous and con
tinuing support of this symposium series. Local support was also
provided by the Tennessee Technology Foundation, Oak Ridge Chamber
of Commerce. and Phyton Technologies, Inc. We are also grateful for
the continuing industrial support of this series.
The industry sponsors were: Advanced Genetic Sciences, Agri
genetics, ARCO Plant Cell Research Institute, Ciba-Geigy, DNA Plant
Technologies, E.I. DuPont de Nemours, FMC Corporation, Hershey Foods
Corp., General Foods, Martin Marietta, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Pioneer Hi-Bred, Monsanto, Proctor and Gamble, Plant Genetics. Inc.,
and Zoe con.
We would also like to thank the National Science Foundation,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and the U.S.
Department of Energy for their supporting grants.
We are greatly indebted to our symposium organizing committee,
especially to Peter Carlson, Robert Lawrence, and Richard Zimmerman,
for their extensive donations of time and effort in developing the
symposium program. We would also like to thank the local organizing
committee, Jim Caponetti, Bob Conger, Milton Constantin, Donald
Dougall, Dennis Gray, Randolph Henke, Otto Schwarz, James M. Stuart,
and Russell Weigel, for their help with the details of the symposium
management.
A special recognition is due to Dr. Karen Hughes. who chaired
the organizing committee, for her dedication and commitment to the
details that led to a successful symposium.
-- The Editors
vii
SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are especially indebted to Dr. Alexander Ho11aender for his
guidance and encouragement in the development of this symposium.
Dr. Ho11aender and the Council for Research Planning in Biological
Sciences have been invaluable in the planning and execution of both
the symposium and the symposium volume. We appreciate the very fine
job of Claire Wilson and her associate, Gregory Kuny, in assembling
the manuscripts and preparing them for publication.
We would also like to thank Roberta Schwarz for the cover
design of the brochures.
Randolph R. Henke
Karen Hughes
Hilton J. Constantin
ix
PREFACE
This symposium is the third in a series featuring the propaga
tion of higher plants through tissue culture. The first of these
symposia, entitled "A Bridge Between Research and Application," was
held at the University in 1978 and was published by the Technical
Information Center, Department of Energy. The second symposium,
on "Emerging Technologies and Strategies," was held in 1980 and pub
lished as a special issue of Environmental and Experimental Botany.
One of the aims of these symposia was to examine the current state
of-the-art in tissue culture technology and to relate this state of
technology to practical, applied, and commercial interests. Thus,
the third of this series on development and variation focused on
embryogenesis in culture: how to recognize it, factors which affect
embryogenesis, use of embryogenic systems, etc.; and variability
from culture. A special session on woody species again emphasized
somatic embryogenesis as a means of rapid propagation. This volume
emphasizes tissue culture of forest trees. All of these areas, we
feel, are breakthrough areas in which significant progress is
expected in the next few years.
There were approximately 300 attendees, equally representing
academia, government, and industry. This excellent mix of basic and
applied researchers provided a unique forum for interaction and ex
change of knowledge. The symposium planners developed a schedule of
workshops to exploit this professional mix and to facilitate an open
and free exchange of information, ideas, and needs. The workshops
ranged from practical topics in management and design of commercial
tissue culture laboratories and the micropropagation of trees and
ornamentals, to pure science workshops on somatic cell strategies of
sexually produced crops.
Manuscripts from most of the principal speakers, along with ab
stracts of the posters presented, constitute the Proceedings of this
third symposium. We are hopeful that this book will serve as a
useful source of the details and concepts that were presented during
the meeting.
xi
CONTENTS
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
A Random Walk Through Plant Biology........................... 1
Leon Dure, III
REGENERATION PHENOMENA
Patterns of Development in Culture •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9
Philip V. Ammirato
Somatic Embryogenesis and Its Consequences in the Gramineae ••• 31
Indra K. Vasil
Somatic Embryo Ontogeny in Tissue Cultures of Orchardgrass •••• 49
D.J. Gray and B.V. Conger
DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS
Factors Affecting Developmental Processes
in Alfalfa Cell Cultures •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59
David A. Stuart, Janet Nelsen, Steven G. Strickland,
and James W. Nichol
Factors Influencing Tomato Protoplast Development ••••••••••••• 75
Elias A. Shahin and Mayar Yashar
An Embryogenic Culture of Soybean: Towards a General
Theory of Somatic Embryogenesis ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83
M.L. Christianson
APPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
Somatic Embryogenesis for Mass Cloning of Crop Plants 105
Joseph D. Lutz, James R. Wong, Jan Rowe,
David M. Tricoli, and Robert H. Lawrence, Jr.
Bioreactor Technology for Plant Propagation ••••••••••••••••••• 117
D.J. Styer
Description:This symposium is the third in a series featuring the propaga tion of higher plants through tissue culture. The first of these symposia, entitled "A Bridge Between Research and Application," was held at the University in 1978 and was published by the Technical Information Center, Department of Ene
